tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16485284948870503142024-02-20T23:22:57.458-08:00فيزيبيدياAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-17902706279134669762013-04-30T21:00:00.000-07:002013-04-30T21:00:53.697-07:00قانون هوك<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
في <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="الميكانيكا">الميكانيكا</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الفيزياء">والفيزياء</a>, <b>قانون هوك</b> للمرونة هو تقريبا يشير إلى أن الكمية التي يتغير بها الجسم (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF_%28%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1%29" title="إجهاد (فيزياء)">الإجهاد</a>) مرتبطة خطيًا بالقوة المسببة لهذا التغير (الشد). المواد التي ينطبق عليها قانون هوك تقريبًا هي <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مرونة خطية">مواد خطية المرونة</a>.<br />
سمى قانون هوك على اسم الفيزيائي الإنجليزي <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83" title="روبرت هوك">روبرت هوك</a> الذي عاش في القرن السابع عشر. لقد ذكر هذا القانون في 1676 كبديل لاتيني, نشره في 1678 كجملة تعني :<br />
"لزيادة القوة يزيد الامتداد"<br />
من أجل الأنظمة التي يطبق عيها قانون هوك، الامتداد الناتج يتناسب مباشرة مع الحمل:<br />
<dl>
<dd><img alt=" \mathbf{F}=k\mathbf{x} \ " class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/4/5/845503259a9c831f82c0534effb9c28f.png" /></dd>
</dl>
حيث :<br />
<dl>
<dd><img alt="\ \mathbf{x}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/d/c/3dc7d0db1dbc7c5d178b940bd5e54ac7.png" /> هي الفرق في المسافة بين موضع الجسم الجديد وموقعه الأصلي سواء كان مضغوطًا أو ممدودا"الازاحة الحاصلة" (عادة تقاس <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="متر">بالمتر</a>)</dd>
<dd><img alt="\ \mathbf{F}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/b/6/e/b6e725b6995c750a5419bf4d02445989.png" />
هي قوة الإعادة أو كما يطلق عليها القوه المشوهه للجسم اي معناها ان هذه
القوه تغير من ابعاد الجسم ولو وصلت لحد معين قد تسبب تشوه للجسم اي لا
يعود لشكله الاصلي قبل ان تؤثر عليه تلك القوه التي تمارسها المادة (عادة
تقاس <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="نيوتن">بالنيوتن</a>)</dd>
</dl>
و<br />
<dl>
<dd><img alt="\ \mathbf{k}" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/3/7/e3744ce69c39dac38482e7dfa5c84067.png" />هو ثابت القوة ووحدته القوة إلى الطول (يقاس بالنيوتن لكل متر)</dd></dl>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-88773321888014695082013-04-30T20:58:00.001-07:002013-04-30T20:59:17.799-07:00الضغط<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
(الرمز <b>ض</b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العربية">بالعربية</a>، <b>p</b> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإنجليزية">بالإنجليزية</a>) هو نسبة القوة المؤثرة عمودياً على مساحة السطح الذي تؤثر عليه القوة.<br />
<ul>
<li>و<b>الضغط الجوي</b> هو وزن عمود الهواء الواقع على مساحة قدرها 1 سنتيمتر مربع في الخلاء. وهو يعادل وزن عمود من <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%82" title="زئبق">الزئبق</a> على نفس المساحة ارتفاعه 760 مليمتر.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>ويقاس الضغط بوحدة <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%82" title="مليمتر زئبق">مليمتر زئبق</a> أو <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84_%28%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9%29" title="باسكال (وحدة)">باسكال</a>.</li>
</ul>
<table class="toc" id="toc">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div id="toctitle">
<h2>
</h2>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
الضغط هو تأثير يحدث عند تطبيق قوة على سطح، ويرمز للضغط بالرمز <b>p</b> أو <b>ض</b>.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id=".D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B5.D9.8A.D8.BA.D8.A9">الصيغة</span></h3>
رياضياً:<br />
<dl>
<dd><img alt="
p = \frac{F}{A}\ \mbox{or}\ p = \frac{dF}{dA}
" class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/4/6/146ffa227c9c02a846c1bd67cb6c537c.png" /></dd>
</dl>
الضغط = القوة العمودية على المساحة (ض = ق / مس)<br />
حيث <b>p</b>: الضغط. و <b>F</b>: القوة العمودية. و <b>A</b>: المساحة.<br />
يعتبر الضغط <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كمية سلمية">كمية سلمية</a> وحداتها في <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظام دولي للوحدات">النظام الدولي للوحدات</a> هي <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84" title="باسكال">الباسكال</a> <b>Pa</b> حيث 1 باسكال = 1 نيوتن/ متر<sup>2</sup>، وفي <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" title="نظام الوحدات الأمريكي المتخصص (الصفحة غير موجودة)">نظام الوحدات الأمريكي المتخصص</a> وحدة <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" title="البساي (الصفحة غير موجودة)">البساي</a> psi حيث 1 بساي = 1 رطل / انش<sup>2</sup><br />
يعتبر الضغط من الإحداثيات الأساسية في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديناميكا حرارية">الديناميكية الحرارية</a> وهو مقترن دائماً <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%85" title="الحجم">بالحجم</a>.<br />
يسمى الضغط الحقيقي عند موقع معطى <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ضغط مطلق (الصفحة غير موجودة)">بالضغط المطلق</a>
ويقاس نسبة إلى ضغط التفريغ المطلق (Absolute Vacuum) حيث عندها يكون
الضغط المطلق مساوياً للصفر. معظم أجهزة قياس الضغط تقيس فرق الضغط، حيث
أنها تعتبر نقطة الصفر هي <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ضغط جوي">الضغط الجوي</a>، ولذلك فهي تقيس الفرق بين الضغط المطلق والضغط الجوي المحلي، وهذا الفرق يدعى الضغط المقاس<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7#cite_note-2" original-title="">[2]</a></sup> ويسمى الضغط الأقل من <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ضغط جوي">الضغط الجوي</a> <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ضغط تفريغ (الصفحة غير موجودة)">ضغط التفريغ</a> ويقاس بأجهزة قياس التفريغ، والتي تقيس الفرق بين الضغط الجوي والضغط المطلق.<br />
<a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ضغط مطلق (الصفحة غير موجودة)">الضغط المطلق</a> <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ضغط مقاس (الصفحة غير موجودة)">والضغط المقاس</a> <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ضغط جوي">والضغط الجوي</a> <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ضغط تفريغ (الصفحة غير موجودة)">وضغط التفريغ</a> كلها قيم موجبة وترتبط بالعلاقة:<br />
<b>للضغط أعلى من الضغط الجوي</b> :<br />
<img alt="P_{gauge} = P_{abs} - P_{atm}\," class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/3/7/537d53b4f0132b29dbede7c6cf3c9b9f.png" /><br />
<b>للضغط أقل من الضغط الجوي</b>:<br />
<img alt="P_{vac} = P_{atm} - P_{abs}\," class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/5/0/8/508f58f889bfc071e935a95d90f1f530.png" /><br />
½ˡɑɒʰʷʲˠˤ=== الوحدات ===<br />
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="312" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg/220px-Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg/330px-Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg/440px-Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg 2x" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Barometer_mercury_column_hg.jpg" title="كبّر"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip-rtl.png" width="15" /></a></div>
عمود الزئبق</div>
</div>
</div>
في <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظام دولي للوحدات">النظام الدولي للوحدات</a> يقاس الضغط <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84" title="باسكال">بالباسكال</a> Pa، والذي يساوي 1 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="نيوتن">نيوتن</a> في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="متر مربع">المتر المربع</a> (N·m<sup>−2</sup> <span class="GRcorrect" grphrase="bfd4836ce85463f77a6befbd145861a85671fe87" grtype="null" id="GRmark_bfd4836ce85463f77a6befbd145861a85671fe87_or:0">or</span> kg·m<sup>−1</sup><span class="GRcorrect" grphrase="6df73203219fcc85efefd9098e530c9c71bfd7a5" grtype="null" id="GRmark_6df73203219fcc85efefd9098e530c9c71bfd7a5_·:0">·</span><span class="GRcorrect" grphrase="6df73203219fcc85efefd9098e530c9c71bfd7a5" grtype="null" id="GRmark_6df73203219fcc85efefd9098e530c9c71bfd7a5_s:1">s</span><sup>−2</sup>)، وتم اعتماد اسم <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84" title="باسكال">باسكال</a> لهذه الوحدة في عام 1971، حيث كان يتم التعبير عن الضغط بـ N/m<sup>2</sup>. أما الوحدات غير المعتمدة في <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظام دولي للوحدات">النظام الدولي للوحدات</a> مثل الرطل في الإنش المربع أو (<a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" title="بساي (الصفحة غير موجودة)">بساي</a>) <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بار">والبار</a> فتستخدم في نطاق محدود. ويقاس الضغط في نظام cgs (<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="سنتيمتر">سنتيمتر</a>، <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جرام">جرام</a> <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثانية">،ثانية</a> <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="باري">بالباري</a> (ba) المساوي <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="داين">للداين</a> على ال <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="سنتيمتر">سنتيمتر</a> مربع.<br />
<b>الضغط الجوي التقني</b> أو اختصاراً <b>جو تقني</b> (<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة إنجليزية">بالإنجليزية</a>: technical atmosphere): يرمز له بـ <b>at</b> وهي وحدة غير معتمدة في <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظام دولي للوحدات">النظام الدولي للوحدات</a> وتساوي 1 <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A" title="كيلو غرام ثقلي">كيلو غرام ثقلي</a> على ال <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="سنتيمتر مربع (الصفحة غير موجودة)">سنتيمتر مربع</a>.<br />
يفضل بعض علماء الأرصاد استخدام وحدة الهيكتوباسكال (hPa) لقياس <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ضغط جوي">الضغط الجوي</a>، والتي تساوي الوحدة القديمة <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مللي بار">مللي بار</a>
(1 مللي بار = 1/1000 بار)، ولكن يغلب استخدام الكيلوباسكال (kPa) (أي
1000 باسكال) في الفروع الأخرى حيث أن استخدام الهيكتو (1 هيكتو = 100)
نادر جداً.<br />
هناك أيضاً وحدة <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" title="إنش زئبقي (الصفحة غير موجودة)">الإنش الزئبقي</a> لا زالت مستخدمة حتى يومنا هذا في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.<br />
أما علماء المحيطات فيستخدمون وحدة <b>ديسيبار</b> (dbar) لقياس الضغط
تحت الماء، والسبب يعود إلى أن زيادة الضغط تحت الماء بقيمة 1 ديسيبار
يقابله زيادة في العمق بقيمة 1 متر تقريباً.<br />
<b>الضغط الجوي القياسي</b> (جو) وهو قيمة ثابتة تساوي تقريباً ضغط
الهواء في الأرض وفي مستوى سطح البحر، وقيمته تساوي: = 101325 Pa. أو
101.325 Kpa أو 1013.25 hPa وقد تم استبدال هذه الوحدة بوحدة <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بار">البار</a>
لأسباب عملية بحتة، حيث 1bar = 100000Pa، وكما هو ملاحظ فإن الفرق بين
الوحدتين لا يتعدى حدود 1% ولا وجود لأي تغييرات ملحوظة بسبب هذا الفرق بين
الوحدتين.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-75237110188544292432013-04-30T20:57:00.002-07:002013-04-30T20:57:29.087-07:00الديناميكا الحرارية<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<b>الديناميكا الحرارية</b> أو <b>التحريك الحراري</b> أو <b>الثرموديناميك</b> (<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة لاتينية">باللاتينية</a>: <span dir="ltr" lang="Latn" xml:lang="Latn">Thermodynamica</span>) تعبر عن أحد فروع <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ميكانيكا إحصائية">الميكانيكا الإحصائية</a> الذي يدرس خواص انتقال الشكل الحراري للطاقة خصوصا وتحولاته إلى أوجه أخرى من الطاقة ، مثل تحول <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة حرارية">الطاقة الحرارية</a> إلى <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة ميكانيكية">طاقة ميكانيكية</a> مثلما في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A" title="محرك احتراق داخلي">محرك احتراق داخلي</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلة بخارية">والآلة البخارية</a> ، أوتحول الطاقة الحرارية إلى <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كهربائية">طاقة كهربائية</a> مثلما في <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%89" title="محطة قوى">محطات القوي</a> , وتحول <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة حركة">الطاقة الحركية</a> إلى <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كهربائية">طاقة كهربائية</a> كما في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="توليد الكهرباء">توليد الكهرباء</a> من سدود الأنهار. وقد تطورت أساسيات علم الترموديناميكا بدراسة تغيرات الحجم <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7" title="الضغط">والضغط</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درجة الحرارة">ودرجة الحرارة</a> في <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلة بخارية">الآلة البخارية</a>.<br />
معظم هذه الدراسات تعتمد على فكرة أن أي <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84" title="نظام معزول">نظام معزول</a> في أي مكان من الكون يحتوي على <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كمية فيزيائية">كمية فيزيائية</a> قابلة للقياس تسمى <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة داخلية">الطاقة الداخلية</a> للنظام ويرمز لها بالرمز (U). وتمثل هذه الطاقة الداخلية مجموع <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9" title="طاقة كامنة">الطاقة الكامنة</a> <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة حركية">والطاقة الحركية</a> للذرات والجزيئات ضمن النظام، أي جميع الأنماط التي يمكن أن تنتقل مباشرة كالحرارة، كما تنتمي <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كيميائية">الطاقة الكيميائية</a> (المختزنة في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رابطة كيميائية">الروابط الكيميائية</a>) أ <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%28%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1%29" title="طاقة نووية (فيزياء)">الطاقة النووية</a> (الموجودة في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نواة الذرة">نوى الذرات</a>) إلى الطاقة الداخلية لنظام.<br />
بدأت دراسات الحركة الحرارية مع اختراع <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلة بخارية">الآلة البخارية</a> وترتب عليها قوانين كثيرة تسري أيضا على جميع أنواع الآلات ، وبصفة خاصة تلك التي تحول الطاقة الحرارية إلى <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%28%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%29" title="عمل (ترموديناميك)">شغل ميكانيكي</a> مثل جميع أنواع <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83" title="محرك">المحركات</a> أو عند تحول <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة حركة">الطاقة الحركية</a> إلى <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كهربائية">طاقة كهربائية</a> مثلا أو العكس.<br />
نفرق في الترموديناميكا بين "نظام مفتوح " و"نظام مغلق " و" نظام
معزول". في النظام المفتوح تعبر مواد حدود النظام إلى الوسط المحيط ، بعكس
النظام المغلق فلا يحدث تبادل للمادة بين النظام والوسط المحيط. وفي النظام
المعزول فلا يحدث بالإضافة إلى ذلك تبادل <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="طاقة">للطاقة</a> بين النظام المعزول والوسط المحيط ، وطبقا لقانون بقاء الطاقة يبقي مجموع الطاقات الموجودة فيه (<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة حرارية">طاقة حرارية</a> ، <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كيميائية">وطاقة كيميائية</a> ، <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة حركة">وطاقة حركة</a> ، <a class="new" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="طاقة مغناطيسية (الصفحة غير موجودة)">وطاقة مغناطيسية</a> ، و،إلخ) تبقي مجموعها ثابتا.<br />
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 322px;">
<a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="342" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg/320px-Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg 2x" width="320" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Carnot_engine_%28hot_body_-_working_body_-_cold_body%29.jpg" title="كبّر"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip-rtl.png" width="15" /></a></div>
صورة ملونة للصورة الأصلية من عام 1824 لآلة كارنو تبين غلاية ساخنة ، ووسط
شغال (بخار في أسطوانة ذات مكبس) ، ووسط بارد (ماء). والرموز على
الاسطوانة تُعلم نقاط توقف مهمة في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88" title="دورة كارنو">دورة كارنو</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
توضح لنا الديناميكا الحرارية اعتماد <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الحرارة">الحرارة</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%28%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%29" title="عمل (ترموديناميك)">والشغل الميكانيكي</a> عند حدود النظام على <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دالة حالة">دوال الحالة</a> التي تصف حالة النظام. ومن دوال الحالة التي تصف النظام نجد : <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درجة الحرارة">درجة الحرارة</a> ;<i>T</i> ، <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7" title="الضغط">والضغط</a> <i>p</i> ، <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="تركيز">وكثافة الجسيمات</a> <i>n</i> ، <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="كمون كيميائي">والجهد الكيميائي</a> <i>μ</i> وهذه تسمى "<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AB%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خاصية مكثفة وخاصية شمولية">خواص مكثفة</a>" ، وصفات أخرى مثل <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة داخلية">الطاقة الداخلية</a> <i>U</i> <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إنتروبيا">وإنتروبيا</a> <i>S</i> , <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%85" title="الحجم">والحجم</a> <i>V</i> وعدد الجسيمات <i>N</i> ، وقد جرى العرف على تسميتها <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كمية شمولية">كميات شمولية</a>. الفرق بين الكميات المكثفة والكميات الشمولية ينحصر في كون الدوال المكثفة لا تتغير بتضخيم النظام (إضافة جزء جديد) مثل <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="الكثافة">الكثافة</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرارة النوعية">والحرارة النوعية</a> ، أما الدوال الشمولية أو الكميات الشمولية فهي تزداد بتضخيم النظام مثل عدد الجسيمات ، <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة داخلية">والطاقة الداخلية</a> (المحتوي الحراري في النظام).<br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-44120353865055469352013-04-30T20:56:00.000-07:002013-04-30T20:56:15.833-07:00الحالة الغازية<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<b>الغاز</b> هو أحد <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حالة مادة">حالات المادة</a>، ومثل <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="سائل">السوائل</a> فإن الغازات <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="مائع">موائع</a> أي أن لها قابلية للسريان ولا تقاوم تغيير شكلها، بالرغم من أن لها <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="لزوجة">لزوجة</a>. وعلى غير ما يحدث في السوائل، فإن الغازات حرة لا تشغل حجماً ثابتاً ولكنها تملأ أي فراغ يتاح لها . <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة حركة">وطاقة حركة</a> الغازات هي ثاني أهم شيء في حالات المادة (بعد <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%28%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1%29" title="بلازما (فيزياء)">البلازما</a>). ونظراً لزيادة طاقة حركة الغازات فإن <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A1" title="جزيء">جزيئات</a> و <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذرة">ذرات</a> الغاز تميل لأن تشغل كل حجم متاح لها ، بل النفاذ أيضا خلال حائل من مادة مسامية ، ويزداد ذلك بزيادة <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة الحركة">طاقة حركتها</a>. ويوجد مفهوم خاطئ يتعلق بأن اصطدام الجزيئات ببعضها ضروري لمعرفة <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7" title="ضغط">ضغط</a> الغاز، ولكن الحقيقة أن سرعاتها العشوائية كافية لتحديد ضغطها . الاصتدامات بين الجزيئات مهمة فقط <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تفاعل كيميائي">للتفاعلات الكيميائة</a> حيث تفسر <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="نظرية التصادم">نظرية التصادم</a> حدوث تفاعل بين جزيئات مادتين . كما يصف <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان">توزيع ماكسويل-بولتزمان</a> توزيع سرعات الجزيئات في الغاز واعتمادها على <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درجة الحرارة">درجة الحرارة</a> ويأخذ الحركة الحرارية للغاز في الحسبان.<br />
تختلف حركة جسيمات الغاز عن حركة جسيمات السوائل التي تتلامس. فعند تواجد جسيمات ، مثل حبيبات غبار في غاز نجد أنها تتحرك في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة براونية">حركة براونية</a>، ونشاهد ذلك أحيانا في شعاع الشمس وحركة الغبار في الهواء. وحيث أنه لا توجد تقنية حالية تمكننا من ملاحظة حركة جسيم غازي (<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذرة">ذرة</a> أو <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6" title="جزيئ">جزيئ</a>)، فإن الحسابات النظرية فقط تعطي تصورا عن كيفية تحركهم ، ولكن حركة ذرات غاز أو غاز مكون من <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6" title="جزيئ">جزيئات</a> (الأكسجين]] أو <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="النيتروجين">النيتروجين</a>
حيث يتكون كل منهما من ذرتين مرتبطتين) فهي تختلف عن الحركة البروانية.
والسبب في هذا أن الحركة البروانية تتضمن حركة جسيم غبار تحت تاثير محصلة
اصطدامات ذرات الغاز بها . ويتكون جسيم الغبار غالباً من مليارات الذرات .
ويتحرك في أشكال أشكال حادة عشوائيا .<br />
<br />
<br />
كان تطور الحركة الحرارية وفهم الغازات وسلوكها الباعث على تقدم <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الكيمياء">الكيمياء</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="الفيزياء">والفيزياء</a> منذ اكتشافت <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="روبيرت بويل">روبيرت بويل</a> وصياغته لسلوكها في <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="قانون بويل">قانون بويل</a> في عام 1662. ثم حدث تقدم سريع حتى القرن التاسع عشر ، واستطاع العلماء وصف الغاز كالأتي :<br />
1-تتألف الغازات من أعداد كبيرة من الجسيمات المتناهية في الصغر
والبعيدة عن بعضها مقارنة بحجمها. وينتج عن ذلك ان معظم الحجم الذي يحتله
الغاز هو عبارة عن فراغ , وهذا يعلل <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="الكثافة">الكثافة</a> المنخفضة للغازات.<br />
2- تتصادم جسيمات الغاز بعضها البعض بسبب حركتها السريعة العشوائية ،
وبارتفاع درجة الحرارة تزداد سرعات الجزيئات ،وتشتد الاصطدامات ويزداد معدل
الاصطدامات . في نفس الوقت تصطدم جسيمات الغاز بجدار الوعاء الذي يحتويها
وتظهر لنا في صورة <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7" title="الضغط">الضغط</a>. التصادم مرن أي لا يحصل فقدان في الطاقة الكلية للغاز . كل مافي الأمر تنتقل السرعات بين الجسيمات مثلما تنتقل سرعات كرات <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="البلياردو">البلياردو</a>.<br />
3- تكون جسيمات الغاز في طاقة حركة دائمة سريعة وعشوائية وفي جميع الاتجاهات.<br />
4- لا توجد قوى تجاذب أو تنافر بين جزيئات الغاز (افتراض <a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="غاز مثالي">الغاز المثالي</a>) .<br />
<br />
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-59877506890045145422013-04-30T20:54:00.003-07:002013-04-30T20:54:52.536-07:00الانتروبيا<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div dir="rtl" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;">
مصطلح <b>إنتروبي</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <b>entropy</b> )</span>يعرب أحيانا بكلمة <b>اعتلاج</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">( </span>أصل الكلمة مأخوذ عن اليونانية ومعناها <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b>"</b></span><b>تحول</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><b>"</b> . </span>أصبحت الإنتروبيا أو الإنتروبي مصطلحا أساسيا في الفيزياء<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Times;">والكيمياء</span> </span>ضمن قوانين التحريك الحراري<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>في الغازات أو السوائل ، وخاصة بالنسبة للقانون الثاني للثرموديناميك، الذي يتعامل مع العمليات الفيزيائية للأنظمة الكبيرة المكونة من جزيئات<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>بالغة الأعداد ويبحث سلوكها كعملية تتم تلقائيا أم لا. ينص القانون الثاني للديناميكا الحرارية<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>على مبدأ أساسي يقول : أي تغير يحدث تلقائيا في نظام فيزيائي<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>لا بد وأن يصحبه ازدياد في مقدار "إنتروبيته<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">".</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;">
يميل أي نظام مغلق<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>إلى التغير أو التحول تلقائيا بزيادة أنتروبيته حتى يصل إلى حالة توزيع متساو في جميع أجزائه، مثل تساوي درجة الحرارة<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>، وتساوي الضغط<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>، وتساوي الكثافة<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>وغير تلك الصفات. وقد يحتاج النظام المعزول<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>الوصول إلى هذا التوازن بعضا من الوقت. مثال على ذلك إلقاء قطرة من الحبر الأزرق في كوب ماء، نلاحظ أن قطرة الحبر تذوب وتنتشر رويدا رويدا في الماء حتي يصبح كل جزء من الماء متجانسا بما فيه من حبر وماء، فنقول أن أنتروبة النظام تزايدت. أي أن مجموع إنتروبية نقطة الحبر النقية + إنتروبية الماء النقية تكون أقل من إنتروبية النظام "حبر ذائب في ماء<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">" .</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12px; min-height: 15px;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12px; min-height: 15px;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-size: 12px;">
وقد أصبح للإنتروبيا كأحد الصفات الطبيعية لنظام أهمية من خلال علاقة الإنتروبيا <b>بتحول</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Times;">الطاقة الحرارية</span> </span>إلى شغل ميكانيكي<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. </span>فنجدها تلعب دورا هاما في تحديد كفاءة<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>آلات ، مثل محرك الاحتراق الداخلي<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Times;">ومحرك الديزل</span> </span>وغيرها<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;">
ولوصف مدلول <b>الإنتروبيا</b> نفترض المثال المذكور أعلاه وهو مثال الماء<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ونقطة الحبر الذائبة فيه فنجد أن اختلاط نقطة الحبر بالماء سهل ويتم طبيعيا، أما إذا أردنا فصل نقطة الحبر ثانيا عن الماء ليصبح لدينا ماء نقي وحبر نقي فتلك عملية صعبة ولا تتم إلا ببذل شغل<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">. </span>فنقول أن حالة المخلوط له إنتروبيا كبيرة، بينما حالة الماء النقي والحبر النقي فهي حالة يكون أنتروبيتها منخفضة<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;">
وتصادفنا مثل تلك العملية عمليات يومية مثل فصل السكر<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>عن محلول قصب السكر<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>، إننا نقوم بذلك عن طريق تبخير<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: Times;">المحلول</span> </span>، أي بتسخين المحلول وبذل شغل<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>، أي بذل طاقة<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>، لفصل السكر عن الماء<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;">
وأيضا الكمون الكيميائي<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span>ضمن أي نظام فيزيائي أو كيميائي يميل تلقائيا إلى خفض الطاقة الداخلية للنظام إلى أقل ما يمكن ، لكي يصل النظام لحالة من التوازن. الإنتروبي ضمن هذا المفهوم هو مقدار تقدم عملية التحول والتوازن هذه<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 10px; min-height: 13px;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-67013967089217532252013-04-30T20:51:00.001-07:002013-04-30T20:51:07.967-07:00الميزان الحساس<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أولى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفيزيائيون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عناية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاصة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باعتباره</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أداة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتعدى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وظيفتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أرادوه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أداة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عملية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لتقدير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للمعادن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والسبائك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يعدون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عجائب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النسبة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واخترعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غاية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخطأ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أربعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجزاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جزء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجرام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لديهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أدق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نجد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عندما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فلندرز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بتري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثلاث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قطع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نقدية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إسلامية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قديمة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفرق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أوزانها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جزء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثلاثة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلاف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جزء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجرام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يمكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوصول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باستعمال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أدق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينبغي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يوضع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صناديق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زجاجية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تؤثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تموجات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إعادة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مرارًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استخدموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القبان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحساس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جميع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السلع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابتداءً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المجوهرات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانتهاءً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالمحاصيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزراعية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصنَّفوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مؤلفات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قيمة؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فلثابت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قرّة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحدهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واختلافه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وشرائط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والثاني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرسطون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذهب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">). </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولأبي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جعفر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحسن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحكمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشكالاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متعددة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للموازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصفًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دقيقًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مفصلاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنفوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مؤلفات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكوهي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والفارابي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سينا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقسطا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لوقا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والجلدكي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستخدموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لموازينهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أوزانًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منوعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأفضل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتاب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المجال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وضعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عبدالرحمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نصر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المصري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للمراقب؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المحتسب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأحوال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السوق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجارية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عهد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صلاح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأيوبي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صناعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حرفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذاتها؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجارة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المصادر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرئيسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للاقتصاد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإسلامي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأوكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مراقبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمكاييل،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وفحص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وسائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الغش</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صناعتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السلع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتعاملون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالتجارة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذهب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والفضة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والزبرجد،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والياقوت،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والماس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحروا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موازينها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حددوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لكثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باستخدام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجهزة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترعوها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لهذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الغرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطريف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عند</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحثهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خواص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشاروا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرسطون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القبان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عجائب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رسائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إخوان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصفا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> "… </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عجائب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاصية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يظهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأبعاد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المنافع،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يظهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرسطون؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القبان؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأسي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عمود</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرسطون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طويل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعلاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والآخر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قصير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قريب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فإذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأسه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطويل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قليل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأسه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القصير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تساويا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتوازنا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القليل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كنسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القصير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطويل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعلاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">…</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">" </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمعلاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هنا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نقطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الارتكاز</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتضح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجدول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التالي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبمقارنة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القيم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">توصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العالمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بقيم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حددت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالوسائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعاصرة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قيمها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قريبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جدًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القيم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصحيحة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بنى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحكمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثابت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرسطون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البراهين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهندسية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسلماتهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نقطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانطلاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مؤلفات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النهضة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أوروبا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مرحلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سابقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاليليو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مؤلفه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محاورات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جديدين،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإسحق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نيوتن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عمله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكبير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المبادئ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرياضية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">: 1</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتساوى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أثقالها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 2</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوى؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فمنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعظم،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أصغر،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 3</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسافتين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقطعهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متحركان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زمانين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساويين،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إحدى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسافتين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأخرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كنسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المستوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآخر،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 4</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينقسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بقسمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساويين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويعلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طرفيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقلان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساويان،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالنقطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القاسمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بنصفين،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وازى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأفق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. 5 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معرفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أوزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المقادير،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بتفاوت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجرام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رطوبات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يغاص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموزون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وخثورًا</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعرَّفوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والخفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقالوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخرج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موضعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطبيعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فاتجه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نحو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مركز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يُسمّى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقيلاً،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اتجه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نحو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محيط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العالم؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سُمّى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خفيفًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستنبطوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طرقًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لحساب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واخترعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآلات،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقاموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحساب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عدد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حسابًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقارب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التقدير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعاصرون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأحيانًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يطابقه،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نسب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حقيقية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سند</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عهد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المأمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (199</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 218</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">814</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 833</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">)</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحثوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأمر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سينا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العالمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اللذان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بزّا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غيرهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المجال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بتحديد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لبعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلزات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والجواهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باستخدام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جهاز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مخروطي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مصب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالقرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوهته،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحيث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتجه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المصب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المطلوب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قياس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزنًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دقيقًا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يدخله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جهازه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المخروطي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المملوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالماء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهنا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يحل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أدخله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجهاز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حجم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مساوٍ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يفيض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المصب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المزاح،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يحدد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحساب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ووزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أزاحه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجهاز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقدم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مقياس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لتعيين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المواد</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اكتشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هناك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تباينًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للماء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البارد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يزيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساخن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بمقدار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 0,041677</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يزيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حجمه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالتبريد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحوالي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 4,1667</span><span class="s2"> %.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جانب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبحاثه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للسوائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وغيرها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميكانيكا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموائع؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فشرح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الظواهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ضغط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السوائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتوازنها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وشرح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كيفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تجمع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآبار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجوفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالرشح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجوانب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحدث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كيفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوران</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانبثاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النافورات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصعود</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مائها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعلى</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميزانًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غريب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التركيب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والماء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باستخراج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لكثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعادن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والسوائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصلبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تذوب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الماء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ووضعها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جداول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غاية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصلت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صحتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأحيان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">درجة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التطابق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أتقن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قياس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للسوائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خطؤه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ستة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مائة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجرام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألفين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومائتي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جرام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">انظر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القياس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجدول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المبيّن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هنا</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يجب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ننظر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">توصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دقيقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جدًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخذنا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحسبان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجهزة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديثة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الاختلاف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطفيف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعاصرون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يمكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعليله؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فمياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تختلف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مقدار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ملوحتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فالبحار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الداخلية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالبحر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبحر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قزوين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ملوحتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكثر،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبالتالي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المفتوحة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالمحيطات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للحليب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يختلف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باختلاف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأبقار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمراعي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يذكر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نوع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعدد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البقر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجارب</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-69409278610615634022013-04-30T20:50:00.001-07:002013-04-30T20:50:24.151-07:00ابن الهيثم ورأيه في الضوء والبصريات<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رفض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 429</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1038</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التسليم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بكثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آراء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السابقين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبصريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقليدس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبطليموس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرغم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقليدس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سبقه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تناول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شطري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قانون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانعكاس،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سبقه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بطليموس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دراسة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانعطاف،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عُني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المناظر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عناية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بزّ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قبله،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومهّد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطريق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعده؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتحقق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القياسات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموضوعية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لزوايا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السقوط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والانكسار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 988</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1580</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تيخو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">براهي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكاسيني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">1072</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1661</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وحققا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النمط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خططه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعظم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عصره</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قاطبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جميع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فروع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعرفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبخاصة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفيزياء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العالم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البصريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأقام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دعامته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كبيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بكتابه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المناظر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يحتوي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اكتشافات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جديدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفيزياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ودراسات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عميقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">انكسار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانعكاسه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السابقون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البصريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يؤمنون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإبصار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بخروج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شعاع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البصر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المبصر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يعني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رفض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سبقه،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فهو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقبل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعريف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> "</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حرارة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نارية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنبعث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المضيئة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بذاتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالشمس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والنار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">". </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نوعان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عرضي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يصدر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المضيئة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بغيرها؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعكس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالقمر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمرآة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأخرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مقدورها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعكس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والثاني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذاتي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يصدر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المضيئة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نفسها؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالشمس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والنار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتوهج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتناول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كيفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">امتداد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأضواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانعكاسها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانعطافها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استقرأ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأحكام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتعلقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بذلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يدلل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صدق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آرائه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالبرهان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهندسي</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شيء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ماديّ؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فهو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يرتد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينعكس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصَّقيلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> "</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فالضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لقي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جسمًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صقيلاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فهو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينعكس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متحرك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصقيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يمانعه،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رجوعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غاية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غاية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصقيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يمانعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ممانعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فعالة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">". </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالتجريب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لإثبات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فرضياته،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إثبات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قانون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانعكاس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بشطريه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بأخذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كرات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأسقطها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ارتفاعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ليقف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مقدار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ارتدادها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويثبت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زاوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السقوط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تساوي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زاوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانعكاس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجارب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أطلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الاعتبار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رؤية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قبيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظرية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسيمات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نيوتن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السابع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عشر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميلادي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فالضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتركب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دقائق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متناهية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصغر،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعندما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنتشر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنعكس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصقيلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنكسر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المشفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعندما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحدّث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">انعطاف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نسميه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حاليًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">انكسار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آنياً؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">انتقاله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوسط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دفعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واحدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وفي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زمان،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستغرق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زمنًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معينًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محدودًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بسرعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معينة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سرعته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الألطف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعظم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سرعته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأغلظ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">و</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> "</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مستترًا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رفع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساتر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوصول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المقابل،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ليس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زمان،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خفيًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">". </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نعلمه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اليوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عارض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ديكارت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. 1062</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">1650</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النظرية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 500 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وفاة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حيث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> "</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مادة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ممتدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السطح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المقابل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حيث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منعكسًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عصا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأعمى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لمس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شيء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مقدمتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأعمى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطرف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يده</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فورًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">". </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأخذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">برأي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ديكارت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منتصف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التاسع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عشر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عندما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أثبتت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجارب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سرعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مقدارها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 300,000</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثانية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هناك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خصائص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حيلية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميكانيكية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">انعكاس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانكساره؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لاحظ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">امتداد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانطلاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المادي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شبهًا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المنطلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحركه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خصائص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستمر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">امتداده</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السّمت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الاتجاه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المستقيم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بدأ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يعترضه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ممانع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">(</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مقاوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">)</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيتبدل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حينئذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سيره</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حيث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الاتجاه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمقدار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزيادة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والنقص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سرعته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">). </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">توصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النسبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التبدل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اتجاه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وسرعته</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إنجازاته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">توصله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خلال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النظرية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أطلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكوين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الظل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طريق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نورانية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحصول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صورة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عند</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولوج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوارد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خلال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ضيق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مظلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ليقع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حاجز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبيض،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صغيرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جدًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيضعف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصورة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فتختفي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحس،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واسعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شبهها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأصل،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يصبح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واضحًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بأول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تجربة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بجهاز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يشبه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التصوير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعندما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بلغ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النتيجة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يكد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يصدق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عينيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عندما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شاهد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العالم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أصبح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعلاه،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وضع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصورة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وضعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عكسيًا</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأبحاث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخاصة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالبصريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">روجر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بيكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وفيتليو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وليوناردو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دافينشي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اعتمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأساس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحثي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خلّفه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ففي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألمانيا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عندما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كبلر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العاشر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهجري،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السادس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عشر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميلادي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوانين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اعتمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاليليو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منظاره،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أدرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خلف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عمله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبحاث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهناك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسألة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مشهورة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معقدة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نشأت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البصريات،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حلها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بمعادلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدرجة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرابعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعرف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اليوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسألة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحسن</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعماله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التطبيقية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البصريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حسب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانعكاس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يحدث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قطاع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المرآة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكروية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المخروطية؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإشعاعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتوازية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلتقي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نقطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الاحتراق،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وفحص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحرق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتكبير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المرئيات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ليس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بوساطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المرآة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المقعَّرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فحسب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بوساطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزجاج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحارق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والعدسة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثمرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جهده</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظارة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للقراءة</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-11119252980844618342013-04-30T20:49:00.001-07:002013-04-30T20:49:40.550-07:00تواريخ مهمة في الفيزياء<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرغم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اهتمام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمسلمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالفيزياء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الاهتمام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يرق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نالته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكيمياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عناية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بدا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكيمياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لديهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مستقلاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واضحًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مطلع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نهضتهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلمية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفيزياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تمثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جانبًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرياضيات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حينًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فرعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فروع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وراء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطبيعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حينًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آخر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نجد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعلومات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أدلوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميكانيكا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبثوثة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلسفة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وليس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتبادر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذهن،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأنهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اعتبروا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فكرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والحركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كلها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أفكار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنتمي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلسفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فروع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ملاحظات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صائبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وملاحظات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صائبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبثوثة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تصانيف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متنوعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينبغي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتبادر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للذهن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متأخرين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأنهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يعتنوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عنايتهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالكيمياء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بزُّوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأمم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعاصرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فروعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البصريات،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والميكانيكا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خرجوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بآراء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طيبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمغنطيس،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والصوت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طبقوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبادئه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموسيقى،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وغير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أفذاذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بطرح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جديدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبحوث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبتكرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هؤلاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبناء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موسى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شاكر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سينا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وغيرهم</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبادئ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفيزياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اليونان؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ترجموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتاب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفيزيكس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأرسطو،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكتاب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الروحانية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">و</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رفع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأيرن،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكتاب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المصوتة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 60 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميلاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لمورطس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اهتموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بمؤلفات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أرخميدس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهيرون،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وطوَّروا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظرياتهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأفكارهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميكانيكا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبينما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اليونانيون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يعتمدون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كليًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأفكار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلسفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المجردة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والاستنباط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العقلي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نجد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمسلمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اعتمدوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجربة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والاستقراء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتبنوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطريقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والاستقصاء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وطوروا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ورثوه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اليونانيين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معتمدين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجربة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التطبيقية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكسبت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطريقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعمالهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوضوح،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانطلاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والإبداع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عرفت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منجزاتهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مجال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطبيعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والكيمياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والطب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والصيدلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وخلافها</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فصولاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متخصصة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأحيانًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متناثرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السوائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكيفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حساب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لها؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابتدعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طرقًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عديدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لاستخراجه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتوصلوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معرفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العناصر،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حسابهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دقيقًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مطابقًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحيانًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بفارق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يسير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحوثهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبتكرة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتوصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعضهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البوزجاني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هناك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شيئًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخلل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القمر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يعود</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وخواص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجذب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدراسات،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بساطتها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ممهدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعدهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ليكتشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قانون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويضع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبحاثها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إطار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحثوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضغط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجوي؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويبدو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحكمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للمسلمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحوثًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شيقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الروافع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقدموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرًا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لديهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للرفع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كلها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبنية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قواعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميكانيكية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تيسر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عملية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استخدموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دقيقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جداً،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخطأ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يعدو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أربعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجزاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جزء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجرام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكتبوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأنابيب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشّعريَّة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومبادئها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتعليل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ارتفاع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموائع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانخفاضها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قادهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التوتر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السطحي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأسبابه،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأدوات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدقيقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لحساب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والاتجاه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والكثافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يخص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البصريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيمكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجزم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بأنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لولا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إسهام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيه،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والنتائج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ترتبت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقدم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديثة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والطبيعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يذكرهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تاريخ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصدد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحسن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهيثم،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبحاثه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأعماله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المجال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المرجع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعتمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لدى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أهل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أوروبا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متأخر،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإليه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يُعزى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكيفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإبصار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واكتشاف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظاهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانعكاس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوئي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والانكسار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوئي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الانعطاف</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كيفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حدوث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قزح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وسرعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والصوت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعرفوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستفادوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إبحارهم،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المحتمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التجارب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البدائية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبالجملة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعلومات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميكانيكا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبصريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والصوت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وخلافها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مباحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطبيعة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبعثرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رابط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بينها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تُبحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قبلهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منظور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستند</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المنهج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العقلي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلسفي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغلوط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصواب؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفكرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأولية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجودًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذاته،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأمور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يصبح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علمًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أهمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستنتج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جديدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبحوثًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبتكرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لبعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفيزيائية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طرحها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اليونان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جانب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحت،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فتوصلوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خلال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحثهم،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوانين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المائية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آراء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرضية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمرايا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المحرقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وخواص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المرايا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المقعّرة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانكسار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وانعكاسه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الروافع</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span class="GingerNoCheckEnd"></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-33688480417640195782013-04-30T20:32:00.000-07:002013-04-30T20:32:12.539-07:00علم الحيل والساعات <div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">برع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والرمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والزئبق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والشمع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المختلفة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشمسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأعطوها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شكلاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دائريًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتوسطه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دائري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آخر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستطاعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طريقها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحديد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موقع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشمس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والزمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ووضع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التقاويم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السنوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشمسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النقالة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرحلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يسمونها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اختراعاتهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أصالة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المجال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نوعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشمسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المنبِّهة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعلن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوقت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بصوت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رنَّان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وسُمِّيت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرخامة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نوعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المائية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقذف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معدنية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قدح،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتدور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تظهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النجوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رسوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخرى،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلبث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تبرق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كلما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاوزت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثانية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عشرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منتصف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الليل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعندها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يمر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوقها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هلال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مضيء</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أهدى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هارون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرشيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 192</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 807</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الملك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شارلمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نحاسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أدهشته،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تُسقط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مضي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اثنتي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عشرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صغيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحدث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لدى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اصطدامها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">برقاص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معدني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إيقاعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جميلاً،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 12 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حصانًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقفز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 12 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بوابة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كلما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دارت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دورة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كاملة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأشهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جانب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجامع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأموي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تُسقط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عند</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النهار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنجتين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فمي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بازين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طاستين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثقوبتين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالليل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فتجهز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بمصباح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يدور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">به</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خلف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">زجاجة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">داخل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجدار،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكلما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">انقضت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الليل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزجاجة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ضوء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المصباح،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولاحت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للأبصار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دائرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متوهجة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حمراء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشهيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مرصد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سُرَّ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مَنْ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأى،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دُمى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تظهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أوقات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومواعيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثابتة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لتؤدي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحركات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سعيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عبدالرحمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يونس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المصري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 399</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1009</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">)</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رقّاص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الساعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البندول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تبعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كمال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموصلي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 639</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1242</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأضاف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتعلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بتذبذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرقاص</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للعرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اختراعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صمموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعضها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بغرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التسلية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبعضها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآخر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للأغراض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العملية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كلها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وفق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلقائي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شبه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلقائي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صناعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اللعب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والدُّمى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتحركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منتشرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بكثرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لديهم،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أفرد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرزاز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجزري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مؤلفًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سماه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجامع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والعمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النافع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صناعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألّف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبوعامر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأندلسي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الباهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عجائب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وصفا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنواعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدُمى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تصنع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشمع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وخامات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بنفسها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وضمَّنا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابيهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عددًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كبيرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرسوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإيضاحية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تبيِّن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تركيب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدُمى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والآلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وطبيعتها</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبناء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موسى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شاكر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثلاثة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والحسن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأحمد،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أواسط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثالث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهجري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">برعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرياضيات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والهندسة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النجوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والموسيقى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بلغ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صناعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يبلغه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخواه،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لديه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مخيلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مبدعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قدّمت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثيرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المخترعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العملية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للتدبير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المنزلي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والألعاب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميكانيكية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المدهشة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للأطفال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وغيرها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنعها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دِنان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنزل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معلومة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السوائل،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعقب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كمية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فترة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استراحة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قصيرة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وآلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تمتلئ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالسوائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تفرغها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلقائيًا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقناديل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ترتفع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفتائل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلقائيًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويصب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزيت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذاتيًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنطفئ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بفعل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحدث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صوتًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بصورة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذاتية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عند</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ارتفاع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحقول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عند</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سقيها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابتكر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عددًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النافورات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تظهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صورًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متعددة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالمياه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصاعدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعماله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خزانات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للحمامات،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمعالف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تستطيع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سوى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حيوانات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صغيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحجم،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ونافورات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تندفع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مياهها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفوارة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشكال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إنجازاته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالمشاركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مرصد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سُرَّ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مَنْ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأى،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دائرية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحوي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النجوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ورموز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيوانات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وسطها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتدار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالقوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المائية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكلما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غاب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نجم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السماوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظهرت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صورته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأفقي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الواضح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتطلب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دراية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واسعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جانب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطبيعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستفيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يخترعها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يطورها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المشتغلون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طوّر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سبيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المثال؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البوصلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترعها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصينيون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصينيون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستخدمونها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أمور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالسحر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والخرافات،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فأخذها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجعلوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بيتًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استفادوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الملاحة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأطلقوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بيت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإبرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لديهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للتطويع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتقطيع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحلقات،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استعمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نصير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطوسي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 672</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1273</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مرصده</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مراغة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المحلّقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحلقات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخمس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والدوائر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النحاس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اكتشفوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طريقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاصة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنعوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحلقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القطر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البالغ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خمسة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أمتار،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزادوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثلاث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حلقات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المحلقات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلكية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموجودة؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مكنهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إجراء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قياسات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فلكية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخرى،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أضافوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسطرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قياس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزوايا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعروفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأداد،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسطرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تدور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نقطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طرفها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وينتقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طرفها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآخر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دائرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وتوصل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عباس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فرناس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 260</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 873</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صنع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزجاج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرمال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والحجارة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واخترع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عددًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآلات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلكية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الدقيقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأداة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسماة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحلق؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حلقات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متداخلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وسطها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تمثل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكواكب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السيارة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اخترع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لقياس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أطلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميقاتة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشهر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محاولاته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المحاولة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لقي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حتفه؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">احتال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لتطيير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جسمه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لنفسه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جناحين،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صعد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أمام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جمع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غفير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أهالي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قرطبة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واندفع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طائرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يجعل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لنفسه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذنبًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يحميه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هبوطه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويعطي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لمقدم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جسمه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومؤخرته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نوعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التوازن،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وحلّق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ليست</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالقصيرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سقط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مؤخرته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولعله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إنسان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حاول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطيران</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العالم</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألَّفوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الميكانيكا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزودوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتبهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالرسوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإيضاحية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نموذج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتاب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجامع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرزاز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجزري</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-87204438602334709062013-04-30T12:19:00.001-07:002013-04-30T12:19:52.780-07:00<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 19.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Amiri; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Amiri;">الطاقة الحرارية</span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: Amiri; font-size: 22pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">حركة الذرات والجزيئات في الغاز. وتعبر درجة حرارة الغاز عن متوسط </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة حركة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">طاقة حركة</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذرة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الذرات</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6" title="جزيئ"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">والجزيئات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة الحرارية شكل معهود من أشكال </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="الطاقة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">، يتم انتقالها عن طريق </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="توصيل حراري"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">التوصيل</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> أو الاشعاع أو الحمل. حيث يتم انتقال الحرارة دائما من الجسم الساخن إلى البارد. يتسبب انتقال الحرارة من جسم إلى جسم إلى رفع درجة حرارته.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة الحرارية هي أو ماعرفه الإنسان عن الطاقة ، بصرف النظر عن معرفته أو عدم معرفته بأن أشعة الشمس هي أيضا نوع من أنواع الطاقة. كان سيطرة الإنسان الأول على الطاقة الحرارية في إيقاد النار سببا رئيسيا في تطوره الحضاري. وحتى الآن تلعب الطاقة الحرارية دورا هاما يوميا في حياتنا ، فنحن نطهو الطعام بها ، ونولد منها في المحطات الحرارية </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الطاقة الكهربائية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة الكهربائية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ، كما أننا نستغلها في إدارة </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83" title="محرك"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">المحركات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> مثل </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="آلة بخارية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الآلة البخارية</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A" title="محرك الاحتراق الداخلي"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ومحرك الاحتراق الداخلي</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="محرك نفاث"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">والمحرك النفاث</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE" title="صاروخ"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">والصواريخ</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">يمكن تحويل الطاقة الحرارية إلى أي نوع آخر من الطاقة مثل </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الطاقة الميكانيكية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة الميكانيكية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> كما في السيارة ، أو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كهربائية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">طاقة كهربائية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> كما في </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="محطة طاقة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">محطة الطاقة الكهربائية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> أو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة إشعاعية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">طاقة إشعاعية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> كما في </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="النار"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">النار</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> أو في </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85" title="النجوم"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">النجوم</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> وغيرها.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">لهذا حظيت الطاقة الحرارية منذ القدم بالدراسة ، وصيغت قوانينها خلال القرن التاسع عشر فيما يسمى علم الحركة الحرارية (<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ترموديناميكا"><span style="color: windowtext;">ترموديناميكا</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">تقاس الطاقة الحرارية بوحدة </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سعرة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">سعرة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> أو بوحدة </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="جول"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">جول</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">تعريفها<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">تعرف الطاقة الحرارية </span></b><b><i><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">E<sub>th</sub></span></i></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> لمادة بالمعادلة :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="الوصف: E_{th} = c \; \cdot m \; \cdot T \!" id="صورة_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 12.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 100.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="!" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">حيث:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<b><i><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">c</span></i></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرارة نوعية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الحرارة النوعية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">,<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<b><i><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">m</span></i></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9" title="الكتلة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الكتلة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<b><i><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">T</span></i></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82" title="الصفر المطلق"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">درجة الحرارة المطلقة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ، </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86" title="كلفن"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">كلفن</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">عندما تكتسب المادة </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حرارة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">حرارة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ترتفع </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة الحركة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">طاقة الحركة</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6" title="جزيئ"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">لجزيئاتها</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> وتظهر في صورة طاقة حرارية ، وتخفض افتقاد جسم للحرارة من طاقة حركة جزيئاته. فالطاقة الحرارية هي </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="طاقة الحركة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">طاقة حركية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> وتلك الحركة تظهر كحركة عشوائية لجزيئات المادة في </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="غاز"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الغازات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> والسوائل ، وحركة اهتزازية </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكة بلورية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">للشبكة البلورية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> للمادة الصلبة وينقلها ما يسمى </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوتون"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">فوتون</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">إذا كانت الطاقة الحركية لجميع جزيئات مادة ما مساوية للصفر ، فتكون </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درجة الحرارة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">درجة حرارته</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> عند </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82" title="الصفر المطلق"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الصفر المطلق</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> حيث الكتلة </span></b><b><i><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">m</span></i></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> والحرارة النوعية </span></b><b><i><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">c</span></i></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> دائما لا تصلان إلى الصفر . ومقياس </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درجة الحرارة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">درجة الحرارة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> هي </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86" title="كلفن"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">كلفن</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> وهي المرجع لمقاييس </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="درجة الحرارة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">درجة الحرارة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> مثل </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="درجة مئوية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الدرجة المئوية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> أو الدرجة </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" title="فاهرنهيت (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">فاهرنهايت</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. درجة الصفر المطلق هي -16 و273 بدرجة الحرارة المئوية.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-20896031440359181052013-04-30T12:18:00.002-07:002013-04-30T12:18:08.230-07:00<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="direction: rtl; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">شدة </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تيار كهربائي"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">التيار الكهربائي</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span lang="AR"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">التيار الكهربي عبارة عن تدفق من </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شحنة كهربية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الشحنات الكهربية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A#cite_note-Lakatos.2C_John_1998-1"><b><sup><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[1]</span></sup></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> والشحنة الكهربية قد تكون </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إلكترون"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">إلكترونات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> أو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أيون"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">أيونات</span></b></a><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A#cite_note-2"><b><sup><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. طبقًا </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="النظام الدولي للوحدات"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">للنظام الدولي للوحدات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> تقاس شدة التيار الكهربي بـ </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الأمبير"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الأمبير</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. بينما يقاس التيار الكهربي بجهاز </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="الأميتر"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الأميتر</span></b></a><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A#cite_note-Lakatos.2C_John_1998-1"><b><sup><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[1]</span></sup></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.، ويمكن أن يقاس بأحد </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83" title="أجهزة القياس ذات المحرك"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">أجهزة القياس ذات المحرك</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">رمز التيار الكهربي<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">يرمز للتيار الكهربي بالحرف </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> وليس </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">C</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>، والسبب يرجع </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="قانون أمبير"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">لقانون أمبير</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> الذي وضعه العالم الفرنسي </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="أندريه ماري أمبير"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">أمبير</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> الذي ربط المجال المغناطيسي المتولد حول ملف مغلق بالشحنة الكهربائية التي تتدفق في الملف. و قرر أمبير تسمية معدل تدفق الشحنة بـ "التيار - </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Current</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>"، و كمية التيار بـ"كثافة التيار - </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">current intensity</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>" أو كما هو أصلها بالفرنسية </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A#cite_note-3"><b><sup><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[3]</span></sup></b></a><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">intensité de courant</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> لذلك أتخذ حرف </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> رمزاً لكثافة التيار، و إنتقل الرمز من فرنسا إلى بريطانيا حيث أصبح رمزاً قياسياً. لكن بعد ذلك كان يتم في الكتب أختصار "كثافة التيار- </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">current</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">intensity</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>" إلى "التيار-</span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Current</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>" <i>على الرغم من أن بعض الكتب القديمة لازالت تكتبها كاملة</i>، و ذلك ما أدى إلى أرباك و حيرة البعض ان يكون رمز التيار هو </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> و ليس </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">C</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>، و قد طالب البعض في بريطانيا تعديل الرمز إلى </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">C</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> لكن لم يتم ذلك، ربما لإنه قد تم التعود على الرمز </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> أو حتى لا يحدث خلط مع رمز "</span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سعة كهربية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">السعة الكهربائية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">- </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">capacitance</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>" وهو </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">C</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> و الذي كان يستخدم في نفس الوقت.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Amiri; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: Amiri;">سريان التيار الكهربي في سلك فلزي</span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: Amiri; font-size: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">يحتوي الفلز </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8" title="صلب"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الصلب</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%90%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="موصِل كهربي"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الموصِل</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> للكهرباء على مجموعة كبيرة من الإلكترونات المتحركة أو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="إلكترون حر (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الحرة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.وترتبط هذه الإلكترونات بـ </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" title="شبكة معدنية (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">شبكة من الأسلاك الفلزية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ولكنها لا ترتبط بأية ذرة مفردة.وحتى في حالة انعدام المجال الكهربي الخارجي، تتحرك هذه الإلكترونات بصورة عشوائية لحدٍ ما بفعل </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الطاقة الحرارية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة الحرارية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ولكن، في المتوسط، يكون صافي قيمة التيار داخل الفلز صفرًا.وإذا افترضنا أنَّ لدينا سطحًا مستويًا يمر السلك من خلاله، فسنجد أن عدد الإلكترونات التي تتحرك من جانب لآخر في أية فترة زمنية يتساوى في متوسطه مع عدد الإلكترونات التي تمر في الاتجاه المعاكس.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">عند توصيل سلك من الفلز بطرفي </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" title="مصدر جهد كهربي (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مصدر جهد كهربي</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ذي </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1" title="تيار مستمر"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">تيار مستمر</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> مثل </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="بطارية (كهرباء)"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">البطارية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">، سيعمل المصدر على توليد مجال كهربي عبر الموصِل. وبمجرد توصيل السلك الفلزي، تندفع الإلكترونات الحرة نحو الطرف </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A8" title="الموجب"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الموجب</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> في الموصل بفعل هذا المجال الكهربي.وبالتالي، تمثل الإلكترونات الحرة </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" title="ناقل التيار الكهربي (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ناقل التيار الكهربي</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span lang="AR">في الموصِل الصلب النموذجي.ففي تيار كهربي شدته 1 أمبير، يندفع 1 </span></span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="كولوم"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">كولوم</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> من </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شحنة كهربية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الشحنة الكهربية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> (التي تتألف من نحو 6.242 إلكترون تقريبًا مضروبًا في 10 <sup>18</sup> إلكترون) كل </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثانية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ثانية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> عبر أي سطح مستوٍ يمر من خلاله الموصِل.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">في أي تدفق ثابت، يمكن حساب التيار </span></b><b><i><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I</span></i></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> المُقاس بـ </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الأمبير"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الأمبير</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> باستخدام المعادلة التالية:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="الوصف: I = {Q \over t}" id="صورة_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 30.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 40.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="over t}" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">حيث<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="الوصف: Q \!\ " id="صورة_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 13.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 11.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title=" " src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">هو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شحنة كهربائية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الشحنة الكهربية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> السارية مقاسةً بـ </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="الكولوم"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الكولوم</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="الوصف: t \!\ " id="صورة_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 9.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 5.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title=" " src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">هو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86" title="الزمن"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الزمن</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> محسوبًا بـ </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثانية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الثواني</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">وبشكل أكثر تعميمًا، يمكن تعريف التيار الكهربي بأنه المعدَّل الزمني لتغير الشحنة الكهربية، أو<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="الوصف: I = \frac{dQ}{dt}" id="صورة_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 30.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 48pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="frac{dQ}{dt}" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">التيارات الكهربية في الوسائط الأخرى<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">في الفلزات الصلبة، تتدفق الكهرباء بفعل حركة الإلكترونات، من </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="الجهد الكهربائي"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الجهد الكهربائي</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> الأدنى إلى الجهد الكهربي الأعلى. أما في أي وسط آخر، فإن أي تدفق لأجسامٍ ذات شحنة كهربية يمكن أن يؤدي إلى توليد تيار كهربي.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="الفراغ"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">فبالفراغ</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">، قد تتكون حزمة من الأيونات أو الإلكترونات . أما في المواد الأخرى الموصلة للكهرباء، فيتولد التيار الكهربي نتيجة تدفق جسيمات ذات شحنة سالبة وأخرى ذات شحنة موجبة في آنٍ واحد. وفي المواد الساكنة، يعود التيار الكهربي في مجمله إلى </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" title="موصل بروتوني (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">سريان شحنة كهربية موجبة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> . على سبيل المثال، تكون التيارات الكهربية في </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الإلكتروليتات"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الإلكتروليتات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> عبارة عن تدفقات من ذرات ذات شحنات كهربية (أيونات)، موجبة أو سالبة .وفي أي من </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء كهربية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الخلايا الكهروكيميائية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> المعروفة المحتوية على حمض الرصاص، تتكون التيارات الكهربية من أيونات هيدروجينية موجبة (بروتونات) تسري في اتجاه معين، وأيونات سلفات سالبة تسري في الاتجاه الآخر .أما بالنسبة للتيارات الكهربية التي تسري في الشرارات أو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7" title="فيزياء البلازما"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">البلازما</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">، فهي عبارة عن تدفقات من الإلكترونات وكذلك من الأيونات الموجبة والسالبة .في الثلج وفي أنواع معينة من الإلكتروليتات الصلبة، يتألف التيار الكهربي في مجمله من أيونات متدفقة .وفي </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%90%D9%84" title="شبه موصِل"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">أشباه الموصلات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> قد يكون مفيدًا أحيانًا التفكير في التيار الكهربي على أنه نتاج سريان "</span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فجوة إلكترونية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">فجوات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">" إلكترونية موجبة (وهي المواضع التي يجب أن تحتوي على إلكترون لجعل الموصِل متعادلاً).وهذا ما يحدث في شبه الموصل من النوع الموجب.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-51534265727520382772013-04-30T12:16:00.002-07:002013-04-30T12:16:56.280-07:00<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<span>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<strong><span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl" lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقاومة كهربائية </span></span></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<strong><span>هي خاصية فيزيائية تتميز بها </span></strong><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="موصل كهربائي"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>الموصلات المعدنية</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> في </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دائرة كهربائية"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>الدوائر الكهربائية</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>. تعرف على أنها قابلية المواد لمقاومة مرور </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تيار كهربائي"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>التيار الكهربائي</strong></span></a><span><strong> فيها.<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>وهي إعاقة المادة لمرور التيار الكهربائي (الإلكترونات) خلالها. وتحدث الإعاقة في المادة سواء أكانت من الموصلات (</strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="فلز"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>كالفلزات</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>) أو غير الموصلات ولكن بدرجات مختلفة. يلزم للألكترونات التغلب على هذه المقاومة للوصول إلى تعادل في الشحنة . وحدة المقاومة هي </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوم"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>الأوم</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>.<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p><strong> </strong></o:p></span><strong><span>يرمز لها بالحرف اللاتيني R</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>، تعطى قيمتها </span></strong><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوم"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>بالأوم</strong></span></a><strong><span> (Ω</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>). ترتبط هذه الخاصية بمفهومي </span></strong><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقاومية"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>المقاومية</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="توصيل كهربائي"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>والتوصيل</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> الكهربائيين.<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>تبين الصورة ثلاثة مقاومات مختلفة : ويعين لون الحلقات المرسومة على المقاومة مقدار المقاومة </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوم"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>بالأوم</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> ، حيث يعطي كل لون قيمة معينة للمقاومة .<o:p></o:p></strong></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>عند مرور </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تيار كهربائي"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>تيار كهربائي</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> في </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="موصل كهربائي"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>موصل</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> ذو مقطع متجانس ، وفي درجة حرارة معينة، يمكن لنا قياس مقاومته الكهربائية بدلالة نوع المادة التي صنع منها وبمعرفة أبعاده :<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt;">
<span><v:shape alt="الوصف: R=\rho \frac l s=\frac{l}{\gamma.s} \," id="صورة_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 33.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 88.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="," src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span><v:shape alt="الوصف: \rho \," id="صورة_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 9.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 7.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="," src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="AR">هي </span></strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقاومية"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>المقاومية</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> أو (المقاومة النوعية) وتعطى </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%85.%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" title="أوم.متر (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>بالأوم.متر</strong></span></a><strong><span> (Ω.m</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>).<o:p></o:p></span></strong></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span><v:shape alt="الوصف: l \," id="صورة_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 10.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 4.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="," src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="AR">طول الناقل (السلك) ويعطى </span></strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="متر"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>بالمتر</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>.<o:p></o:p></strong></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span><v:shape alt="الوصف: s \," id="صورة_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 6.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 6pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="," src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="AR">مساحة المقطع العرضي وتعطى </span></strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="متر مربع"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>بالمتر المربع</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>.<o:p></o:p></strong></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span><v:shape alt="الوصف: \gamma \," id="صورة_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 9.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="," src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موصلية كهربائية"><span dir="rtl"></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="AR">الموصلية الكهربائية</span></strong></span></a><strong> التي هي مقلوب المقاومية ، وتعطى بمقلوب الأوم.متر Ω.m</strong></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><strong>)<sup>−1</sup> ).<o:p></o:p></strong></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>ينتج عن مرور التيار الكهربائي في </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="موصل كهربائي"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>موصل</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong> معدني (أو مقاومة) انبعاث الحرارة، وتسمى هذه الظاهرة </strong></span><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" title="تأثير جول (الصفحة غير موجودة)"><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>تأثير جول</strong></span></a><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><strong>. يتم في بعض الأحيان التحكم في مقدار هذا التدفق (أجهزة التدفئة) ، إلا أن في حالات أخرى تتبدد هذه الطاقة وتنتج عنها تأثيرات غير مرغوبة فنضطر لتبريد الجهاز.<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
</div>
</span> </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-8479541358283306372013-04-30T12:12:00.001-07:002013-04-30T12:12:18.382-07:00<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">القدرة الكهربائية<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. هي ما نبحث عنه .. هي الحرارة .. الحركة .. وكل الأشياء التي نهدف إلى تشغيلها .. هي علاقة بين قوة التدفق .. وكمية هذا التدفق للشحنة الكهربائية ..<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">وكما ذكرنا أن الجهد الكهربائي يمكن أن تمثله بقوة الماء .. و كمية الماء المتدفقة هي التيار والتي تعتمد على حجم الأنابيب وهي المقاومة فكلما زادة قوة الماء المتدفق .. وكميته في الأنابيب .. كلما حصلنا على نتيجة اكبر ..<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">القدرة الكهربية </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Electric Power</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> :</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /><br />في الدائرة الكهربائية الجهد المطبق على موصل يؤدي إلى تدفق الالكترونات. الجهد هو القوة وتدفق الالكترونات هى الحركة.معدل بذل الشغل يسمى "الطاقة" </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">power</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> وتمثل بالرمز “</span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">P</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>” .تقاس الطاقة بوحدات "الواط " </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">watts</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> وتمثل بالرمز “</span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">W</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span>” .يعرف الواط بأنه "معدل الشغل المبذول فى دائرة عند مرور تيار قدره 1 </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">amp</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> نتيجة تطبيق جهد قدره 1 </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">volt</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: left;">
<b><span dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id="صورة_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 98.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 123pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"></v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">قوانين (صيغ) القدرة :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة المستهلكة في المقاومة تعتمد على مقدار التيار الذي يمر عبر المقاومة عند تطبيق جهد معين .وهو ما يعبر عنه بحاصل ضرب الجهد فى التيار .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">P = E x I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P = EI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>,</span><span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">P = I2R<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>P = E2 / R</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> </span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-81517265923986772572013-04-30T12:10:00.002-07:002013-04-30T12:10:16.369-07:00<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-line-height-alt: 19.2pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">جهد (كهرباء)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الجهد الكهربائي أو فرق </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="كمون كهربائي"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الكمون الكهربي</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> أو الفُلطيّة (</span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%85" title="أنجليسسم"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">عن الإنجليزية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">) ورمزها </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">V</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> أو التّوتّر (</span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%85" title="غاليسسم"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">عن الفرنسية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">) ورمزه </span></b><b><span dir="ltr" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">U</span></b><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl"></span> هو </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9" title="الطاقة"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> اللازمة لدفع </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إلكترون"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الإلكترونات</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> من القطب السالب إلى القطب الموجب ، وينتج عن هذه الحركة تحويل </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة كهربائية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة الكهربائية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> إلى أنواع أخرى من أنواع الطاقة وأهمها </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طاقة حرارية"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الطاقة الحرارية</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> وذلك ناجم عن مقاومة المواد الموصلة لحركة الإلكترونات.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">وحدة قياس الجهد هي </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="فولت"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الفولت</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">، وتمثل ما مقدراه 1 جول من الطاقة تكتسبها كمية 1 كولوم من الإلكترونات عند خروجها من القطب السالب لمصدر الطاقة (البطارية مثلاً) إلى القطب الموجب منه.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الجهد الكهربائي هو الفرق بين مقدار </span></b><a href="http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="الكمون الكهربائي"><b><span lang="AR" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الكمون الكهربائي</span></b></a><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> بين القطبين فإذا كان القطب الأول ذا كمون +12 فولت والقطب الثاني ذا كمون -12 فولت فإن فرق الكمون هو 24 فولت (لاحظ أن فرق الجهد كمية قياسية) وهذا يعني ان أي مجموعة إلكترونات تساوي في مقدارها 1 كولوم تنتقل بين القطبين ستكتسب 24 جول من الطاقة الحركية.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقاييس<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">أداة قيس الجهد الكهربائي يقال لها الفولتمتر وهي كلمة مركبة من فولت وهي وحدة قياس الجهد الكهربائي ومتر وهو جهاز قياس ,و ركبت الكلمتان مع بعضهما كي تعطيان معنى جهاز قياس الجهد " الفولتمتر ". يوصل الفولتمتر على التوازي في الدارة المراد قياس الجهد عليها، ولكي لا يؤثر جهاز القياس في الدارة المقاسة يجب أن تكون مقاومة الفولتمتر الداخلية أكبر ما يمكن. تعتبر أجهزة قياس التيار والجهد قريبة في التصميم والأداء باستثناء الأجهزة الكهروستاتيكية، فإن جهاز قياس الجهد يمر به تيار يتناسب مع الجهد المراد قياسه، وينتج هذا التيار العزم المطلوب لتشغيله، في حالة جهاز قياس التيار فإن العزم المطلوب ينتج عن مرور التيار المراد قياسه، أو عن مرور نسبة محددة منه، وعليه فإن الفرق الوحيد بين النوعين من الأجهزة يكمن في مقدار التيار اللازم لإيجاد العزم المطلوب.</span></b><b><span lang="AR" style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-72034212477302295432013-04-30T12:06:00.000-07:002013-04-30T12:06:21.184-07:00الجاذبية والمغنطيس <div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بذل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإنسان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العصور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأولى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جهدًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كبيرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لكي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظاهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطبيعية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أمرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يلاحظه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ولكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يملك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تفسيرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأرسطو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طاليس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (384 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 322 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أفكار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ونظريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سيطرت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التفكير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلمي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السائد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آنذاك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأفكار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والنظريات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جملة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأسباب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دفعت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دراسة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الموضوع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ضمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موضوعات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أخرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكبر</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لعل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اهتم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحائك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (334</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 946</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">)</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقرر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مصنفاته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> ¸… </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متموج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يمنة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويسرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويسير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سفلاً،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واقفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">راكدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثلاثة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قبولاً،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تأثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجرام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والعناصر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السماوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكثر،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فاتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أغلب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأشد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جذبًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جهاتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فهي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بمنزلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حجر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قواه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جانب</span><span class="s2">·</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هناك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آخرون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشاروا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظاهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فثابت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قرّة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مثلاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اكتشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الوزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وزن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النوعي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحت؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فالمدرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اليابس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعود</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بينها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كلية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مشابهة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حيث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البرودة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والكثافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والشيء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعظم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وشرح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عمر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرازي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أواخر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القرن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السادس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهجري</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بأننا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> "</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رمينا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المدرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوق،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فإنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ترجع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفل،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقتضي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الهبوط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفل؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رميناها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعادتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">". </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نجد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سينا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ربط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اندفاع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والسبب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أثار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركته</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تناول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القانون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسعودي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فعنده</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> "</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأنحاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السواء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جذبها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لكتلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أشد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جذبها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للأجزاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأخرى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاصة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجزاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متصلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعيدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عنها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فحينئذ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتمكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جذبها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاضعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لمجال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">"</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وبذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يشير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نوعين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">: </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للأرض،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوقها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وحولها؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فالشيء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النطاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مجاله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ونطاقه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منجذبيْن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بدورهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جرم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبشر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحكم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجودهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سطح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منجذبون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بدورها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منجذبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السماء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويبلغ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقصاه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باطن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حيث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تنطلق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرضية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">و</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">¸</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الناس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منتصبو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القامات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استقامة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقطار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكرة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تزول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السفل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">…·</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويعترض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القائلين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بعدم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دوران</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دارت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طارت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فوق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سطحها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحجارة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأشجار،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويقول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصدد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> ¸</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لابد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لنا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ندخل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحساب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نحو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مركزها</span><span class="s2">·</span><span class="s2">.</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أدلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بدلوه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظاهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وخواص</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجذب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تمامًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فعل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحثه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظاهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الضغط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجوي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحدث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قبل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إيفانجليستا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">توريشلي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بخمسة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قرون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ميزان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحكمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلاقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سرعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمسافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقطعها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والزمن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستغرقه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مركز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بقوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذاتية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبدًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مركز</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وأنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رطبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وفق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رطوباتها؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فتكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرطب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسرع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرطب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جسمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساويان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحجم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متشابهان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكثافة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأكثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كثافة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تكون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسرع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تتساوى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أثقالها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والشكل؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فالأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتساوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحركت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واحد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرطبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نقطة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واحدة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساوية؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تقطع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أزمنة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مسافات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متساوية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المختلفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحركت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصفة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركاتها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلفة</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الشريف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإدريسي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">560</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1165</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالتصنيف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والعمل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مختلف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فروع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعرفة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تناول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظاهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نزهة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المشتاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اختراق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الآفاق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ففي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حديثه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كروية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> ¸</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مدورة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتدوير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الكرة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لاصق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وراكد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ركودًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طبيعيّاً</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يفارقها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مستقران</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جوف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالمح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الصفار</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جوف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيضة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ووضعهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وضع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متوسط،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والنسيم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">محيط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جميع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جهاتهما،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جهة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">دافع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بحقيقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مستقرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جوف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لشدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سرعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الفلك،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجميع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المخلوقات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظهرها،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والنسيم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبدانهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخفة،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاذبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أبدانهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقل،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بمنزلة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حجر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إليه</span><span class="s2">·</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هناك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">آخرون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">غير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحائك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والخازن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تناولوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ظاهرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هؤلاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خرداذبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومحمد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عمر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الرازي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبوزجاني،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهبة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الله</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ملكا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البغدادي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعروف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">باسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أوحد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الزمان،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الذي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يقول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كتابه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المعتبر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحكمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجسم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يسقط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حرًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تأثير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأرض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">متخذًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أقصر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطرق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سعيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للوصول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">موضعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الطبيعي،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وهو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المستقيم،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> ¸</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فلو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تحركت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأجسام</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخلاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لتساوت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حركة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الثقيل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والخفيف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والكبير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والصغير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمخروط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رأسه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحاد،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمخروط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتحرك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قاعدته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الواسعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السرعة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والبطء،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأنها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تختلف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الملاء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بهذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأشياء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بسهولة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خرقها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تخرقه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المقاوم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المخزون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والهواء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وغيره</span><span class="s2">·</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأبحاث</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتناثرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للعلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسلمين،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اللبنة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأولى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لعلم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بنى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">عليها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كوبر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نيكوس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">(878-950</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1473- 1543</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويوهان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كبلر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (979-1040</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1571 -1630</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نظرياتهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستقيا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العلماء</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمسلمين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">علومهما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اعترفا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استفاد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اللبنات</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أيضًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">جاليليو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (972 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">1052</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1564 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1642</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإسحق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نيوتن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> (1052 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1140</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هـ،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1642 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ـ</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 1727</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">م</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">) </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لوضع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القوانين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">القائمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">رياضية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لتحديد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قوة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجاذبية</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإغريق</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">اكتشف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاصية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجذب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قبل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يزيد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> 2000 </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سنة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يجلبون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">نوعًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحجر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منطقة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تسمى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مغنسيا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">قدرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجذب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وكان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أهلها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يسمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيِّين؛</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ومن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أطلقت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كلمة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مغنطيس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">على</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هذا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحجر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وعرف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمسلمون</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">والمغنطيسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وقد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استفادوا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاصتين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أساسيتين</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجذب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وإشارته</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الاتجاه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستخدموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أسفارهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحرية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويقول</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البيروني</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">حجر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المغنطيس</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كالكهرمان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">له</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاصية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجذب،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لكنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أكثر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">منه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فائدة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">لأنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستطيع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ينتزع</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">شفرة</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الجرح،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">طرف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المشرط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">من</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أحد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العروق،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أو</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خاتمًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">معدنيًا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ابتلعه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الإنسان</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">واستقر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بطنه</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويقال</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العرب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استخدموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">هياكل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">سفنهم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تعبر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخليج</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">العربي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ألياف</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">النخل</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يتم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إدخالها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ثقوب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بالألواح</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخشبية،</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">بينما</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">استخدموا</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المسامير</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديدية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">للسفن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">كانت</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تبحر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">البحر</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الأبيض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">المتوسط</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">. </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ويعود</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السبب</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">في</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">ذلك</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"></span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">وجود</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">صخور</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">مغنطيسية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">خفية</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يمكن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">أن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">تُعرِّض</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">السفن</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">التي</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">يستخدم</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">فيها</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الحديد</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">إلى</span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;"> </span><span class="s4" style="direction: rtl;">الخطر</span><span class="s2">.</span></div>
<div class="s4" style="direction: rtl; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-46561992674349491912013-04-30T09:32:00.003-07:002013-04-30T09:34:32.516-07:00الحيود<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: orange;"><b>انحراف</b> أو <b>حيود</b> الضوء يشير في العادة إلى ظواهر طبيعية عديدة تحدث عند اصطدام موجة (ضوئية أو صوتية)بعائق وتوصف بانها انحناء شديد الوضوح للموجات حول عوائق صغيرة وانتشار الموجات من خلال فتحات صغيرة. تأثيرات شديدة الشبه تحدث عند حدوث تعاقب في خصائص الوسيط الذي تنتقل به الموجة، على سبيل المثال انحراف قرينة الانكسار
لموجات الضوء أو ملف الممانعة الصوتي بالنسبة للموجات الصوتية ويمكن
الإشارة لهذه الظواهر بالانحراف الضوئي. يحدث انحراف الضوء مع كل الموجات
بما يشمل الموجات الصوتية والموجات الضوئية والموجات الكهرومغناطيسية مثل
الضوء المرئي وآشعة أكس وموجات الراديو. وتحدث ظاهرة الحيود أيضا مع الجسيمات الأولية مثل الإلكترون والنيوترون حيث أن الجسيمات الأولية لديها خصائص موجية، فحيود الضوء يحدث أيضا مع المادة ويمكن أن يُدرس طبقاً لميكانيكا الكم.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: orange;">ويحدث حيود الضوء يحدث عند تداخل الموجات الضوئية المنتشرة بعد مرورها
من خلال فتحتين أو أكثر، ويلاحظ تأثيراته على وجه الخصوص عندما تكون طول
موجة الأشعة مقاربة أومساوية للمسافات بين أنظمة الجسيمات المنحرفة عليها.
وتتولد النماذج النظامية نتيجة تداخل الموجات الضوئية فتشتد كثافتها عند
نقطة وتقل كثافتها عند أخرى. يتسم تداخل الموجات الضوئية ذات طول موجة
واحدة بنوعين من التداخلات. تداخل تتطابق فيه الموجتان بحيث تنطبقان مع
بعضهما فيتقابل قمة موجة مع قمة الموجة الأخرى فتشتد شدتهما ويعرف هذا
بالتداخل البنـّاء، ويحدث التداخل الثاني بين الشعاعين عندما تتقابل قمة
موجة مع قاع للموجة الأخرى فتمحي كل موجة الأخرى وتختفيان. أي لاتظهر لهما
صورة. وهذا النوع من التداخل يسمى التداخل الهدام.والنتيجة العامة أن نري
صورة النموذج كشكل هندسي، يظهر فيه نقاط شديدة الضوء، ونقاط أخرى لا يأتي
الضوء عليها. إنها خاصية موجية. وتشاهد كثيرا مع أنظمة ألبلّورات ويمكن
بدراستها تعيين الشكل البلوري للمادن، فمنها ذو بلورة مكعبة ومنها ذو بلورة
مسدسة، أو مستطيلة وغيرها.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5iXqm7pmR6H26k5bSdDXdlfuXdjFi-Q9gJZBj-RtR3TtHw3IMyvHtaRsBTF8_BJk1BWrY-R-FGCRfAlvki5K9OPcgImKsBi44cOysw5YAD2FHxmOoxEwBcFafUlsfUPxVYEX8qThZNrg/s1600/diffraction.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5iXqm7pmR6H26k5bSdDXdlfuXdjFi-Q9gJZBj-RtR3TtHw3IMyvHtaRsBTF8_BJk1BWrY-R-FGCRfAlvki5K9OPcgImKsBi44cOysw5YAD2FHxmOoxEwBcFafUlsfUPxVYEX8qThZNrg/s1600/diffraction.gif" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="color: orange;">يمكن مشاهدة حيود الضوء في حياتنا اليومية. من الأمثل المعهودة لحيود (انحراف) الضوء : الأقراص المدمجة (CD & DVD) حيث يوجد بها حزازات (مسارات) دائرية متقاربة وعند سقوط الضوء عليها ينعكس الضوء إلينا في شكل القوس القزح المألوف . وذلك يحدث بسبب حيود الموجات الضوئية عليه حيث أن المسافات بين الحزازات مقاربة لطول الموجات
الضوئية . يمكن استغلال هذه الظاهرة في إنتاج حاجز مشبك ذو تصميم مشابه
لحزازات القرص يمكن به إنتاج أية انحراف (حيود) موجي مرغوب . الذواكر ثلاثية الأبعاد على كروت الائتمان هي أمثلة على ذلك . الحيود الضوئي يحدث أيضا في الغلاف الجوي حيث تنحرف الأشعة عند اصتدامها بذرات الهواء حول مصدر الضوء يمكنها أن تحدث حلقات لامعة متتالية ضوئية حول مصدر ضوء ساطع كالشمس أو القمر
.وتبدو لنا تلك الحلقات حول القمر خصوصا في وجود السحب الخفيفة أو الضباب.
يمكن للحيود أن يحدث لأية نوع من الموجات ، موجات البحار يحدث لها حيود
(انحراف) حول حواجز الماء والعوائق الأخرى، الموجات الصوتية يمكنها الحيود
حول الأشياء ، وهذا سبب استطاعتنا سماع شخص ما بينما نحن خلف حائط على
ناصية . الحيود يمكن استخدامه أيضاً في بعض التطبيقات التقنية فهو يضع
حدودا أساسية لدرجة نقاء صور الكاميرا والتليسكوب أو الميكروسكوب.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">يستخدم حيود الإلكترونات و حيود الأشعة السينية لتعيين البناء البلوري للمواد . كما يستعمل حيود النيوترونات لتعيين مواقع ذرات الهيدروجين
في بلورات المركبات . أي أنها مكملة لحيود اشعة إكس حيث تنعكس أشعة إكس
على الذرات الثقيلة وتعين مواقعها في البلورة ، ثم نجري حيود النيوترونات
على عينة المركب فتنعكس موجات النيوترونات على ذرات الهيدروجين الخفيفة
وتعين أماكنها في البناء البلوري.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: blue;">
</span>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;">ظاهرة الحيود هي ظاهرة مميزة للموجات سواء كانت موجات مائية أو صوتية أو كهرومغناطيسية أي ضوئية.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: orange;">
</span><span style="color: orange;">وقدرة الإلكترونات و النيوترونات على الحيود على منظومات الذرات تنبع من الخاصية الموجية للإلكترونات والنيوترونات.</span><br />
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-81451342732414834052013-04-30T09:24:00.002-07:002013-04-30T09:24:22.184-07:00سرعة الضوء<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">قيمة
سرعة الضوء الدقيقة هي 299,792,458 متر في الثانية(1,079,252,848.8 كيلومتر في الساعة)
في الفراغ. لاحظ أن هذه السرعة هي تعريف وليس قياس منذ أن تم توحيد الوحدات
العالمية, تم تعريف المتر على أنه المسافة التي يقطعها الضوء في الفراغ خلال
1/299,792,458 من </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">الثانية</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">عند
عبور </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">الضوء</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">خلال
مواد شفافة مثل الزجاج أو الهواء تقل سرعته. النسبة بين سرعة الضوء في الفراغ
وسرعته خلال مادة تسمى </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">معامل الانكسار</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> - Index Of Refraction. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">على سبيل المثال , معامل انكسار الزجاج يساوي تقريبا 1.5 , وهذا يعني
ان الضوء يمر عبر الزجاج بسرعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> c/1.5 ≈ 200,000 km/s. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">معامل
انكسار الهواء هو 1.0003 , إذا فإن سرعة الضوء في الهواء ابطأ من سرعته في الفراغ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> c </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">بـنحو
90</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> km/s.</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">كذلك
تتغير سرعة الضوء بتأثير الجاذبية ما يولد ظاهرة عدسات الجاذبية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> - Gravitational Lensing.</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">في
أغلب الحالات العملية يمكن اعتبار سرعة الضوء على أنها سرعة لحظية حيث أن سرعة
الضوء كبيرة جدا جدا ، ولكن حين نأتي لقياس مسافات طويلة مثل بُعد النجوم عنا أو
القياسات الزمنية الدقيقة فلا بد من أخذ سرعة الضوء في الاعتبار . في الاختبارات
والتجارب التي تجريها </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">مركبات فضائية</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">على
مسافات بعيده في الفضاء الخارجي , فإن إرسال رسالة ما إلى إحدى هذه المركبات أو
استقبال أشاراتها يأخذ عدة دقائق إلى ساعات بحسب بعدها عنا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> . </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">فمثلا
أرسال إشارة لاسلكية لتشغيل مسبار على سطح </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">المريخ</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">قد
يستغرق نحو 10 دقائق (بحسب موقعه بالنسبة للأرض حيث يتغير باستمرار) ، وتصلنا إشارة
المسبار هي الأخرى بعد نحو 10 دقائق أخرى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ونظرا
لأن المسافات بين الارض والنجوم مسافات كبيرة جدا فقد ابتكر الفزيائيون والفلكيون
طريقة لتسهيل قراءة تلك المسافات وهي قياس المسافة </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">بالسنة الضوئية</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">وطبقا
لذلك فنستطيع القول أن المسافة بين الأرض والشمس هي 150 مليون كيلومتر أو أن
المسافة بينهما 8 </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">دقائق</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">كان اولي رومر أول من برهن ان الضوء يسير بسرعة
ثابته , وذلك في عام 1676</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">حيث قام بدراسة التحركات الجليه لإحدى اقمار
كوكب المشتري. في عام 1865</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">افترض جيمس ماكسويل ان الضوء عبارة عن </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">موجات كهرومغناطيسية</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> Electromagnetic waves .</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">إحدى
نتائج قوانين الكهرومغناطيسية (مثل </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">معادلات ماكسويل</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ) </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">هي
أن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
c </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">هي سرعة الأمواج الكهرومغناطيسية ، وهي لا
تتعلق بسرعة الجسم الذي يطلقها ، أي أن سرعة موجة ضوئية منبعثة من جسم متحرك لا
تختلف باختلاف سرعة المصدر . ستكون سرعة الضوء ثابتة (مع أن لون شعاع الضوء ستختلف
، إذ سيختلف طول موجته ، و هذا ما يسمى </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">بتأثير دوبلر</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ).</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">كانت
استنتاجات ماكسويل المذهلة هي الصيغة التالية التي تمثل سرعة الضوء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0x7Bo0H0ToUaTQEDaicBNFfq_4qGVIk1dgKGXZ4VPODsANo813KTvO5r2pop8MrX_bq7F-grrFEmCpzA2ZGdD9CyT3rBvcDbeNgNCnHXkE5eVIyt9KnLpzZTSVcYc0G5nJYYMM09Pvl0/s1600/%D9%8A.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0x7Bo0H0ToUaTQEDaicBNFfq_4qGVIk1dgKGXZ4VPODsANo813KTvO5r2pop8MrX_bq7F-grrFEmCpzA2ZGdD9CyT3rBvcDbeNgNCnHXkE5eVIyt9KnLpzZTSVcYc0G5nJYYMM09Pvl0/s1600/%D9%8A.png" /></a></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">حيث</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;">
</span><div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c
- </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">سرعة الضوء أو الموجة الكهرومغناطيسية</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;">
</span><div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">μ0
- </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">معامل النفاذية وقيمته 4</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">π × 10-7 H/m (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">هنري\متر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;">
</span><div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ε0
- </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">معامل السماحية وقيمته 8.854187817 × 10</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-12 F/m (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">فاراد\متر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;">
</span><div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">إذا
ما أضفنا إلى ذلك الاستنتاجات من النظرية النسبية يقودنا ذلك إلى أن جميع
المتفرجين سوف يقيسوا سرعة الضوء بالفراغ متساوية باختلاف سرعتهم وسرعة الاجسام
التي تطلق الضوء. هذا ما قد يقودنا إلى رؤية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> c </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">كقيمة
كونية ثابتة وأساساً للنظرية النسبية. من الجدير بالذكر ان القيمة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> c </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">هي
القيمة الكونية وليس سرعة الضوء، فاذا تم التلاعب بسرعة الضوء بطريقة أيٍ كانت لن
تتأثر النظرية النسبية بذلك</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;">
</span><div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">حسب
التعريف الدارج الذي تم وضعه سنة 1983 سرعة الضوء هي بالضبط </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>299,792,458 </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">متر في الثانية، تقريباً 3 × 10^8 متر في الثانية، أو 30
سنتيمتر/نانو ثانية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-33362506550412742252013-04-30T09:12:00.000-07:002013-04-30T09:17:45.360-07:00العدسات<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">العدسة هي قطعة من الزجاج (أو من أية
مادة شفافة أخرى) ذات تكور أو تحدب في أحد سطحيها أو كليهما، تحدث انكسارا في الأشعة
الضوئية الساقطة على أحد وجهيها. وتستخدم العدسة المحدبة لتجميع الأشعة الضوئية في
البؤرة. بينما تستخدم العدسة المقعرة لتفريق الأشعة ، وللعدسة المقعرة أيضا بؤرة تخيلية.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">أنواع العدسات البسيطة:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">إن غالبية العدسات هي عدسات كروية، أي
عدسات تتكون من سطحين، بحيث أن كل منهما هو جزء من سطح كرة، وبحيث يكون محور العدسة،
أي الخط المستقيم الذي يصل بين مركزي الكرتين، عمودياً على كلا السطحين. قد يكون كل
من السطحين محدباً أو مقعراً أو مستوياً.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmLjp57rJporNui_6sFi4jw3xtkteRNegJuOrgaJHoEf83_AJsVeeQla6goKtVGFGpK4VX8WHif4OJ33uZKfSM2p4J-U0M7YJ1-oVDvhDbsaG-BcBbKsMOC_HOs7a7_I4mKcazH5cz3so/s1600/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A4%D8%A9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmLjp57rJporNui_6sFi4jw3xtkteRNegJuOrgaJHoEf83_AJsVeeQla6goKtVGFGpK4VX8WHif4OJ33uZKfSM2p4J-U0M7YJ1-oVDvhDbsaG-BcBbKsMOC_HOs7a7_I4mKcazH5cz3so/s1600/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A4%D8%A9.jpg" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">هناك أيضاً نوع آخر وهو العدسات غير الكروية،
وهي عدسات فيها أحد السطحين أو كلاهما غير كروي أو إسطواني. بإمكان بعض هذه العدسات
أن تنتج صورًا أكثر وضوحًا وذات انحرافات أقل من العدسات الكروية. نخص بالذكر العدسة
ذات سطحين على شكل قطع مكافئ، والتي تجعل رزمة من الأشعة الضوئية المتوازية في جهة
واحدة تلتقي في نقطة واحدة بالضبط في الجهة الأخرى، وهي البؤرة. غالبًا ما يكون تصنيع
مثل هذه العدسات أكثر تكلفًا من العدسات الكروية.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAvXS-NOo5O87Q2z1wAFksceBHjFvrksF7uE_2FxO_0YcWL7nDS__L49OnR_kPBLewJ0d_DceMmYXmAKljaQm0VERw0i7oj_bC0KpnKN6sdwJXdAEO0cvYvoqBr-e9PUZk_LgrdifTV0Y/s1600/Covixmirrorlookpic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAvXS-NOo5O87Q2z1wAFksceBHjFvrksF7uE_2FxO_0YcWL7nDS__L49OnR_kPBLewJ0d_DceMmYXmAKljaQm0VERw0i7oj_bC0KpnKN6sdwJXdAEO0cvYvoqBr-e9PUZk_LgrdifTV0Y/s1600/Covixmirrorlookpic1.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">وأما العدسات المقعرة فهي عدسات سميكة
في الأطراف ورقيقة في وسطها, كما أن العدسة المقعرة توضح الرؤية من بعيد ولا توضحها
عن قرب, وهي تكسر في آلة التصوير أشعة الضوء نحو الخارج فتبدو الأشعة عندئذ وكأنها
آتية من صورة أصغر أو أقرب إلى آلة التصوير مما هي في الواقع. كما أن العدسة المقعرة
تساعد الاشخاص قريبي النظر على رؤية الأشياء البعيدة، حيث تكسر العدسات المقعرة أشعة
الضوء نحو الخارج فتصبح الأشياء البعيدة تبدو قريبة بالنسبة للعين.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">يعتمد مسار الأشعة الفعلي عبر العدسة
(إن كان لمًا أو تفريقًا) على شكلها، ونوعا العدسات الرئيسيان هما العدسات المحدبة
والعدسات المقعرة، وتكون العدسات المحدبة اسمك في وسطها منها في أطرافها بينما تكون
العدسات المقعرة اسمك في أطرافها منها في وسطها.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">إذا سقطت حزمة من الأشعة الضوئية المتوازية
على عدسة محدبة فإنها تتجمع في نقطة واحدة، بالتقريب، هي بؤرة العدسة المحدبة، أما
إذا سقطت هذا الحزمة على عدسة مقعرة فإنها تتفرق كما لو أنها صادرة عن بؤرة تقديرية
للعدسة. وفي كلا الحالتين تسمى المسافة بين مركز العدسة والبؤرة بالبعد البؤري والذي
يعتبر موجباً في العدسة اللامة وسالباً في العدسة المفرقة.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">بالإمكان حساب </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">البعد البؤري</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">لعدسة كروية في
الهواء بواسطة قانون صاقلي العدسات</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";"> :</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpcc10q2Cqf7bYplAhpbr0d4nWRAQ1_qUp_m6Y9Aav1pBlXQCVSuHFs7aWrY1HwoJhnOrQTVtSqoYDe_MUpQKVMTFZy3kwlFrhhh8tinNyLWAftjhAIbr1ewwR5tNEv4156ZjYD3VlEa0/s1600/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%A8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpcc10q2Cqf7bYplAhpbr0d4nWRAQ1_qUp_m6Y9Aav1pBlXQCVSuHFs7aWrY1HwoJhnOrQTVtSqoYDe_MUpQKVMTFZy3kwlFrhhh8tinNyLWAftjhAIbr1ewwR5tNEv4156ZjYD3VlEa0/s1600/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%A8.png" height="49" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: orange;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: blue;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">بحيث أن</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>f</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">هو البعد البؤري
للعدسة،</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R1</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">هو </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">نصف قطر</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">السطح الكروي
الأقرب إلى مصدر الضوء،</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;">R2 </span><span style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA">هو </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">نصف قطر</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">السطح الكروي الأبعد
عن مصدر الضوء،</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;">n1</span><span style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">هو </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">معامل انكسار</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">الضوء في المادة المصنوعة منها العدسة</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">هو </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">معامل انكسار</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">الضوء في المادة المحيطة للعدسة و</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">هو سمك العدسة</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">في القانون أعلاه</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">إذا كان السطح الأول محدبًا يعتبر </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;">R1</span><span style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">موجباً،
ويعتبر سالباً إذا كان السطح مقعراً</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">وبالعكس للسطح الثاني: فيكون موجبًا
لسطح مقعر، وسالباً لسطح محدب</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">إذا كان أحد السطحين مستويًا فيعتبر
نصف قطره </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">لا نهائي. </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">بالإمكان تبسيط القانون إذا كانت
العدسة دقيقة، أي إذا كان </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-no-proof: yes;">d </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">صغيراً
بالنسبة لـ</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">R1 2:9 R2</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: orange;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSNdgsjPasjcjklGYqvjPWBqcOtNILuNxl_WTZY2S5x-Em79k4hTHibs3i1a_0DeIaVzyx9XdMuaK0rXv1Q0rrSkmjhtbLlRx0N_3OuuRoiwp0ql0JGjFsEiv7PohO_lGsowHKOXSZelo/s1600/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AA.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSNdgsjPasjcjklGYqvjPWBqcOtNILuNxl_WTZY2S5x-Em79k4hTHibs3i1a_0DeIaVzyx9XdMuaK0rXv1Q0rrSkmjhtbLlRx0N_3OuuRoiwp0ql0JGjFsEiv7PohO_lGsowHKOXSZelo/s1600/%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AA.png" /></a></span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">تدعى
القيمة واحد إلى اف قوة العدسة، وتقاس بوحدة </span><span dir="RTL"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; text-decoration: none;">ديوبتر</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">التي
تعادل (متر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>1−). </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">قوّة العدسة تتسم في قدرتها على "طي"
حزمة من الأشعة الضوئية المتوازية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">فكلّما كانت العدسة أقوى، يكون بعدها البؤري
أصغر، أي أنّ قدرتها على جعل الشعاع ينكسر أقوى</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></span></div>
<div align="right" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">لكل
عدسة، فإن البعد البؤري يبقى نفسه بغض النظر عن الجهة التي يتواجد فيها مصدر الضوء
بالنسبة للعدسة. مع هذا، فإن الخواص الأخرى للعدسات، كمدى الانحرافات المختلفة
التي تتسبب بها، قد تكون مختلفة إذا اختلف اتجاه الضوء.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-56579648713855686932013-04-30T08:59:00.001-07:002013-04-30T08:59:09.315-07:00حرب التيارات<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">هي معركة وقعت في أواخر الثمانينيات من
القرن التاسع عشر، فيما بين جورج ويستينجهاوس وتوماس أديسون الذين أصبحا خصوماً بسبب
تشجيع أديسون للتيار الكهربائي المستمر والعمل على الترويج له على حساب التيار الكهربائي
المتردد الذي كان يدافع عنه كل من ويستينجهاوس ونيكولا تيسلا.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">خلال السنوات الأولى من توزيع الكهرباء
،كان تيار اديسون المستمر هو المعيار للولايات المتحدة ولا يريد اديسون فقدان كل عائدات
براءة الاختراع. كان التيار المستمر يعمل بشكل جيد مع المصابيح المتوهجة - التي كانت
الاستخدام الرئيسي آنذاك - والمحركات. وكانت نظم التيار المستمر يمكن استخدامها مباشرة
مع بطاريات التخزين، لتوفير التيار والدعم أثناء انقطاع الكهرباء من المولدات. يمكن
بسهولة توازي مولدات التيار المستمر، للسماح بالتشغيل الاقتصادي باستخدام الآلات الصغيرة
الخفيفة خلال فترات الحمل. أثناء استحداث نظام أديسون، لم يتوفر عمليا أى محرك للتيار
المتردد. كان اديسون قد اخترع جهاز لقياس الاستهلاك للسماح للعملاء بدفع الفاتورة المتناسبة
مع استهلاك الطاقة، ولكن هذا الجهاز يعمل فقط مع التيار المستمر. اعتبارا من 1882 وكانت
جميع هذه المزايا التقنية للتيار المستمر فقط.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www6.mashy.com/uploads/0b/28/0b28b19e3213b3beac097e4089df60ee/nicola_tesla_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www6.mashy.com/uploads/0b/28/0b28b19e3213b3beac097e4089df60ee/nicola_tesla_b.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">من خلال عمله مع المجالات المغناطيسية
الدوارة، وضع تسلا نظام لتوليد الطاقة ونقلها، استخدام طاقة التيار المتردد. واتحد
مع جورج يستنغهاوس لتسويق هذا النظام. وقد سبق أن اشترى ويستنغهاوس حقوق نظام تسلا
"النظام المتعدد الأطوار" وأيضا براءات الاختراع لمحولات التيار المتردد
للوسيان جالارد وجون ديكسون جيبس.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">كانت هناك العديد من العوامل الخفية في
هذا التنافس. فقد كان أديسون رجل معملي وصاحب تجارب من الدرجة الأولي، ولكنه لم يكن
عالم الرياضيات. ولا يمكن أن تفهم التيار المتردد فهما صحيحا، أو استغلالها من دون
فهم كبير في الرياضيات والفيزياء الرياضية (انظر الشبكة الكهربائية)، والتي يمتلكها
تسلا. كان تسلا يعمل لحساب أديسون ولكن بأقل تقدير (على سبيل المثال، عندما علم لأول
مرة اديسون بفكرة تسلا عن نقل الطاقة التيار المتردد، فرفضها فورا قائلا : "[تسلا]
الأفكار رائعة، لكنها غير عملية على الإطلاق."). انتابت تسلا المشاعر السيئة بسبب
أنه قد خدع من قبل اديسون بانه وعده بالتعويض عن عمله. وسوف يندم اديسون لاحقا لأنه
لم يستمع إلى تسلا ويستخدم التيار المتردد.</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.kawkab.info/info_picture/2710587992.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.kawkab.info/info_picture/2710587992.jpg" height="320" width="289" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">إن نظام اديسون للتيار المباشر يتكون
من محطات توليد ومحطات توزيع ثقيلة التوصيل، لتصل إلي الزبون (الإنارة والمحركات).
يعمل هذا النظام على نفس مستوى الجهد، فعلى سبيل المثال، مصابيح 100 فولت في موقع العميل
يتم ربطها بمولد بقدرة 110 فولت، وذلك لتعويض الجهد الضائع في الأسلاك بين المولد والحمولة.
وقد وقع الاختيار على مستوى الجهد لسهولة صنع المصباح ؛ فالمصابيح الفتيلية الكربون
يمكن بناؤها على تحمل 100 فولت، وتوفير الإضاءة بسعر اقتصادي منافسا للغاز. في ذلك
الوقت كان يرى أن 100 فولت غير مرجح أن يعرض لخطر الصعق بالكهرباء.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">و لتوفير تكلفة التوصيل والنحاس، تم استخدام
ثلاثة الأسلاك في نظام التوزيع. الثلاثة أسلاك كانوا كالأتى: +110 فولت، 0 فولت
-110 فولت.أما مصابيح 100 فولت يمكن أن تعمل إما بين +110 فولت -110 أما 0 فولت فتقوم
فقط بنقل التيارات غير المتوازنة بين + و-. ينتج عن استخدام ثلاثة أسلاك استخدام أسلاك
نحاسية أقل مقارنة لكمية الطاقة الكهربائية المرسلة، مع الاحتفاظ في الوقت نفسه (نسبيا)
بتيار منخفض الفولتية. ولكن حتى مع هذا التجديد، كان انخفاض الجهد بسبب المقاومة للنظام
التوصيل شديدا بحيث لا بد من وجود محطات توليد في محيط ميل واحد (1-2 كم) أو نحو ذلك
من الحمل. لا يمكن استخدامها التيار المرتفع الفولتية بسهولة مع نظام التيار المباشر
نظرا لعدم وجود التكنولوجيا المنخفضة التكلفة التي يمكن أن تحول من ارتفاع الجهد المرتفع
إلى معدل استخدام منخفض الجهد.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/George_Westinghouse.jpg/220px-George_Westinghouse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/George_Westinghouse.jpg/220px-George_Westinghouse.jpg" height="320" width="217" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">أما نظام التيار المتردد، فقد استخدم
محول بين التيار عالي الفولطية والأحمال المنخفضة للعميل. كالمصابيح والمحركات الصغيرة
التي لا تزال تعمل بالجهد المنخفض. ومع ذلك يسمح محول الكهرباء برفع الفولتية إلى أعلى
من ذلك بكثير، أي عشرة أضعاف ذلك من الأحمال. نظرا لكمية الطاقة المنقولة، وسيكون حجم
سلك متناسب عكسيا مع الجهد المستخدم، أو بعبارة أخرى : الطول المسموح به من الدوائر
يمكن أن يزيد ما يقرب من مربع قيمة الجهد. هذه عملية هامة لأن محطات توليد أقل عددا
وأكبر حجما يمكن أن تخدم منطقة معينة.و يمكن أن تمد الحمولات الكبيرة، مثل المحركات
الصناعية أو لمحولات الطاقة الكهربائية والسكك الحديدية، ويمكن أن تخدم نفسها شبكة
توزيع الإضاءة الأقل جهد، وذلك باستخدام محولات مناسبة مع الجهد المنخفض.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">انتهت الحرب بفوز نيكولا تيسلا وويستينجهاوس
على توماس أديسون، وتم بعد هذا الانتصار اعتماد التيار الكهربائي المتناوب في كافة
أنحاء العالم.</span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1648528494887050314.post-34143551716415434262013-04-30T08:06:00.000-07:002013-04-30T08:54:30.718-07:00توماس إديسون.. والمصباح الكهربائي<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div class="" style="clear: both;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">بدأت قصة اختراع
المصباح الكهربائي مع إديسون حين مرضت والدته مرضاً شديداً، فقرر الطبيب أن يجري
لها عملية جراحية فورية ولكن.. هناك مشكلة لأن الوقت كان ليلاً ولا يوجد ضوء كافي
ليرى الطبيب ما يفعل في هذه العملية الدقيقة، لذا اضطر للانتظار حتى شروق الشمس
لكي يجري العملية</span>!!</span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.ma3lomah.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/bulb-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ma3lomah.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/bulb-large.jpg" height="320" width="257" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"جدول عادي";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">
</span><span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">ومن هنا
كانت البداية لاختراع المصباح الكهربي، فأخذ إديسون يستمر في محاولاته وإصراره على
اختراع المصباح الكهربي لدرجة أنه خاض أكثر من 99 تجربة فاشلة وفي كل مرة عندما
تفشل تجربة كان يقول “هذا عظيم .. لقد أثبتنا أن هذه أيضاً وسيلة غير ناجحة للوصول
للاختراع الذي أحلم به”، فكان لا يطلق عليها تجارب فاشلة بل تجارب لم تنجح!، وعلى
الرغم من عدم نجاحه في عدد كبير جداً من المرات إلا أن ذلك لم يدفعه لليأس بل
استمر في المحاولة، وفعلاً في عام 1879 أنار مصباح إديسون لتشع الوجوه بهجةً بهذا
الاختراع العظيم، واستمرت الزجاجة مضيئة 45 ساعة وقال إديسون لمساعديه طالما أنها
ظلت موقدة هذه المدة فبإمكاني إضاءتها لمئة ساعة</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">!<br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">وانتشر
النبأ بالصحف أن الساحر إديسون حقق المعجزة والناس ما بين مكذب ومصدق، إلى أن جرى
الحدث العظيم في ليلة رأس السنة الجديدة عام 1879، واستمر حتى فجر اليوم الأول من
عام 1880</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";"> .</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">لإديسون أيضاً اخترعات
كثيرة لكنها كانت أقل قيمة من المصباح الكهربي، فاخترع إديسون نظام لتوليد البنزين
ومشتقاته من النباتات لمساعدة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في الحرب العالمية
الأولى، واخترع توماس أيضاً آلة تصوير السينما وآلة الطباعة وجهاز قياس الكهرباء
وطريقة لتكبير المطاط والكثير من الاختراعات الأخرى</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.<br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">وتوفي هذا
العالم العظيم في 18 أكتوبر عام 1938 ليترك العالم بعد أن أضاء كل منزل فيه</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">ولكن كيف أصبح إديسون
عظيماً؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">!<br />
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">اتفق جميع
العظماء بأن كثرة القراءة والمعرفة وعدم الاهتمام بالمال هي من تخلق العلماء
والمفكرين، فيقول إديسون عن المال “ليس المال إلا وسيلة لا غاية” لذلك كان إديسون
ينفق المال في شراء آلات جديدة ومحاولة شراء معمل أكبر لكي يتسع لاخترعاته، فكان
قد وصل لدرجة أنه يخترع اختراعاً جديداً كل وعند بلوغه 23 سنة فقط كان قد سجل
باسمه 122 اختراعاً</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">!</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">وفي النهاية أترككم مع
بعض مقولات المخترع العظيم توماس إديسون</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">:</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">أنا لم افعل أي شيء صدفة ولم أخترع
أي من اختراعاتى بالصدفة بل بالعمل الشاق</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">إذا فعلنا كل الاشياء التي نحن
قادرون عليها لأذهلنا انفسنا</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">ليس معنى ان شيئا ما لم يعمل كما
تريد منه أنه بلا فائدة</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">النجاح 1% موهبة و 99% جهد</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">أنا لم افشل بل وجدت 10 آلاف طريقة
للنجاح</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">نحن لا نعرف واحد بالمليون من أي
شيء</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">الآمال العظيمة تصنع الأشخاص
العظماء</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">لكي تخترع انت بحاجة إلى مخيلة
جيدة وكومة خردة</span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";">.</span></span></div>
<div dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; margin-right: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: right; text-indent: -18.0pt; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "GE SS Two Light","serif";">اكتشفت 1000000 طريقة لا تؤدي
لاختراع البطارية وحاولت 99 مرة لصناعة المصباح الكهربائي</span></span><span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "GE SS Two Light";"><span style="color: blue;"></span>.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04315823120628229731noreply@blogger.com0